Sunday, April 28, 2013

On This Date - April 28

Once again, it should be reiterated, that this does not pretend to be a very extensive history of what happened on this day (nor is it the most original - the links can be found down below). If you know something that I am missing, by all means, shoot me an email or leave a comment, and let me know!

So, this little bit of history is interesting, and focuses on the capture and execution of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. His fate was known by Hitler, and it scared him to death - literally. Trapped in the secret underground bunker in Berlin under the Reichstag, Hitler would take his own life, and had arranged to have his body burned. Mussolini, who had been dictator of Italy for over two decades, and Hitler's closest foreign ally, was captured, shot, and had his body hung upside down and beaten publicly. The end of the war in Europe was fast approaching.   http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history

On this day in 1945, "Il Duce," Benito Mussolini, and his mistress, Clara Petacci, are shot by Italian partisans who had captured the couple as they attempted to flee to Switzerland.  

The 61-year-old deposed former dictator of Italy was established by his German allies as the figurehead of a puppet government in northern Italy during the German occupation toward the close of the war. As the Allies fought their way up the Italian peninsula, defeat of the Axis powers all but certain, Mussolini considered his options. Not wanting to fall into the hands of either the British or the Americans, and knowing that the communist partisans, who had been fighting the remnants of roving Italian fascist soldiers and thugs in the north, would try him as a war criminal, he settled on escape to a neutral country.  

He and his mistress made it to the Swiss border, only to discover that the guards had crossed over to the partisan side. Knowing they would not let him pass, he disguised himself in a Luftwaffe coat and helmet, hoping to slip into Austria with some German soldiers. His subterfuge proved incompetent, and he and Petacci were discovered by partisans and shot, their bodies then transported by truck to Milan, where they were hung upside down and displayed publicly for revilement by the masses.

357 - Emperor Constantius II visited Rome for the first time.

585 - War between Lydia & Media ended by solar eclipse

1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I), King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title to the throne confirmed by election. Killing carried out by Hashshashin.

1202 - King Philip II throws out John without Country, from France

1253 - -May 7th) Utrecht destroyed by fire

1253 - Nichiren, a Japanese Buddhist monk, propounds Nam Myoho Renge Kyo for the first time and declares it to be the essence of Buddhism, in effect founding Nichiren Buddhism.

1282 - Villagers in Palermo led a revolt against French rule in Sicily.

1376 - English parliament demands supervision on royal outlay

1503 - Battle at Cerignalo: Spanish army under G Cordoba beats France

1521 - Treaty of Worms: Emperor Charles names his brother Ferdinand Arch duke of Neth-Austria

1550 - Powers of Dutch inquisition extends

1611 - Establishment of the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, The Catholic University of the Philippines, the oldest existing university in Asia and the largest Catholic university in the world.

1635 - Virginia Gov John Harvey accused of treason & removed from office

1655 - English admiral Blake beats Tunen pirate fleet

1686 - First volume of Isaac Newton's "Principia" published

1770 - Captain James Cook, aboard Endeavor, landed at Botany Bay in Australia

1788 - Maryland becomes seventh state to ratify constitution

1789 - Fletcher Christian leads a mutiny on the British ship HMS Bounty took place when a rebel crew took the ship and set sail to Pitcairn Island. The mutineers left Captain W. Bligh and 18 sailors adrift.

1796 - Cease fire of Cherasco

1804 - 31 English ships sail Suriname river demanding transition colony from the Dutch

1818 - American President James Monroe proclaimed naval disarmament on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain.

1829 - Dutch parliament accepts new press laws

1847 - George B Vashon becomes 1st black to enter NY State Bar

1848 - Free last slaves in French colonies

1855 - 1st veterinary college in US incorporated in Boston

1865 - Giacomo Meyerbeer's opera "L'Africaine," premieres in Paris

1892 - 1st performance of Antonin Dvorák's overture "Carneval"

1901 - 1st soccer game between Belgium (8) & Netherlands (0)

1901 - Cleveland's Bock Baker gives up a record 23 singles as White Sox beat Blues (Cleveland Blues!) 13-1

1902 - Using the ISO 8601 standard Year Zero definition for the Gregorian calendar preceded by the Julian calendar, the one billionth minute since the start of January 1, Year Zero occurs at 10:40 AM on this date.

1910 - 1st night air flight (Claude Grahame-White, England)

1914 - 181 die in coal mine collapse at Eccles WV

1914 - W H Carrier patented the design of his air conditioner

1916 - The British declared martial law throughout Ireland, following the Easter Rebellion.

1919 - The League of Nations (predecessor to the United Nations) was founded.

1919 - First jump with Army Air Corp (rip-cord type) parachute (Les Irvin)

1920 - Azerbaijan SSR joined USSR (first time)

1922 - WOI (Ames, Iowa) country's 1st licensed educational radio station

1923 - Wembley Stadium opens-Bolton Wanderers vs West Ham United (FA Cup)

1924 - 119 die in Benwood West Virginia coal mine disaster

1925 - Kurd rebels surrender to Turkish army

1925 - Netherlands & Great Britain return to gold standard

1930 - 1st night organized baseball game (Independence KS)

1931 - Program for woman athletes approved for 1932 Olympics track & field

1932 - The yellow fever vaccine for humans was announced.

1932 - 1st broadcast of "One Man's Family" on NBC-radio 1932 - Yellow fever vaccine for humans announced

1934 - FDR signs Home Owners Loan Act

1934 - Soccer team Blue White '34 forms 1934 - Spanish government of Samper forms

1934 - Tigers' Goose Goslin grounds into 4 straight double plays

1935 - Moscow underground opens (81 km long)

1937 - The first animated-cartoon electric sign was displayed on a building on Broadway in New York City. It was created by Douglas Leight.

1937 - 1st commercial flight across Pacific, Pan Am

1939 - Hitler claims German-Polish non-attack treaty still in effect

1940 - Glenn Miller records "Pennsylvania 6-5000"

1940 - Rudolf Hess becomes commandant of concentration camp Auschwitz

1941 - Last British troops in Greece surrenders

1942 - "WW II" titled so, as result of Gallup Poll

1942 - Nightly "dim-out" begins along East Coast

1943 - 1st performance of Marc Blitzstein's "Freedom Morning"

1943 - German-Italian counter offensive in North-Africa

1943 - US 34th Division occupies Djebel el Hara North Tunisia

1944 - Stalin meets Polish/US priest S Orlemanski

1944 - Exercise "Tiger" ends with 750 US soldiers dead in D-Day rehearsal after their convoy ships were attacked by German torpedo boats

1945 - British commands attack Elbe & occupies Lauenburg

1945 - Benito Mussolini and his mistress Clara Petacci were executed by Italian partisans as they attempted to flee the country.

1945 - US 5th army reaches Swiss border

1946 - The Allies indicted Tojo with 55 counts of war crimes.

1947 - Thor Heyerdahl & "Kon-Tiki" sail from Peru to Polynesia

1949 - Former Philippine First Lady Aurora Quezon, 61, is assassinated while en route to dedicate a hospital in memory of her late husband; her daughter and 10 others are also killed.

1952 - Patty Berg wins LPGA Richmond Golf Open

1952 - St Louis Browns lend 2 black minor leaguers to Hankyu Braves of Japan

1952 - WW II Pacific peace treaty takes effect. The U.S. occupation of Japan officially ended when a treaty with the U.S. and 47 other countries went into effect.

1952 - Dwight D. Eisenhower resigns as Supreme Commander of NATO.

1953 - French troops evacuated northern Laos.

1955 - WBIQ TV channel 10 in Birmingham, AL (PBS) begins broadcasting

1956 - Last French troop leave Vietnam

1956 - Reds Frank Robinson hits his 1st of 586 HRs

1957 - Patty Berg wins LPGA Western Golf Open

1957 - WSOC TV channel 9 in Charlotte, NC (ABC) begins broadcasting

1958 - Great Britain performs atmospheric nuclear test at Christmas Island

1958 - Vanguard TV-5 launched for Earth orbit (failed)

1958 - Vice Pres Richard Nixon begins goodwill tour of Latin America

1959 - KLOE TV channel 10 in Goodland, KS (CBS) begins broadcasting

1959 - KPLR TV channel 11 in Saint Louis, MO (IND) begins broadcasting

1960 - "Christine" opens at 46th St Theater NYC for 12 performances

1960 - WIPM TV channel 3 in Mayaguez, PR (PBS) begins broadcasting

1961 - Lt Col Gueorgui Mossolov takes E-66A to 34,714 m altitude

1964 - Japan joins OECO 1965 - Barbra Streisand stars on "My Name is Barbra" special on CBS

1965 - Lindsey Nelson broadcasts game at Astrodome from a hanging gondola

1965 - Richard Helms replaces Marshall S Carter as deputy director of CIA

1965 - US marines invade Dominican Republic, stay until October 1966

1965 - William F Raborn Jr replaces John A McCone as 7th head of CIA

1967 - Muhammad Ali refuses induction into army & stripped of boxing title

1968 - 11 year-old Mary Bell strangles 4 year-old

1969 - Charles de Gaulle resigns as president of France

1969 - King Crismson with Greg Lake & Ian McDonald debuts

1971 - Dutch social democratic party/D'66/DS'70 win parliamentary election

1971 - Samuel Lee Gravely Jr becomes 1st black admiral in US Navy

1972 - Courts awarded Kentucky Derby prize money to 2nd place winner because winner was given drugs before race

1973 - Over 6000 Mk. 82 500 pound bombs detonate over the course of 18 hours in a railyard in northern California. 5500 structures are damaged, and the town of Antelope, California ceases to exist, with every building being reduced to the foundation. This accident leads to the passing of the Transportation Safety Act of 1974 which makes the NTSB an independent agency.

1974 - The last Americans were evacuated from Saigon.

1975 - John Lennon appears on "Tonight" & Ringo on "Smother Brothers"

1975 - South-Vietnam Gen Duong Van Minh sworn in as president till April 30

1977 - Christopher Boyce convicted for selling secrets

1977 - Andreas Baader & members of Baader-Meinhoff jailed for life after a trial lasting nearly 2 years in Stuttgart, Germany

1977 - The Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure is signed.

1980 - Cyrus Vance, Carter's Secretary of State, resigns

1981 - Galician current Statute of Autonomy.

1983 - Argentine government declares all 15-30,000 missing persons dead

1983 - NASA launches Geos-F

1985 - Billy Martin named NY Yankee manager for 4th time

1985 - Fernando Valenzuela sets record of 41 scoreless inn to start season

1985 - The largest sand castle in the world was completed near St. Petersburg, FL. It was four stories tall.

1986 - Chernobyl, USSR site of world's worst nuclear power plant disaster

1987 - NBA announces expansion to Charlotte NC & Miami Fla in 1988 & Minneapolis Minn & Orlando Fla in 1989

1987 - American engineer Ben Linder is killed in an ambush by U.S.-funded Contras in northern Nicaragua.

1988 - Aloha Airlines Boeing 737 roof tears off in flight; kills stewardess 1988 - Baltimore Orioles lose AL record 21 games in a row

1988 - NJ Devils set all time playoff mark for penalty minutes

1989 - Argentina, hit by rocketing inflation, runs out of money

1989 - Iran protests sale of "Satanic Verses" by Salman Rushdie

1990 - "Chorus Line" closes at Shubert Theater NYC after 6,137 performances

1990 - Boston Celtics score most points in a playoff, beat NY Knicks 157-128

1990 - Last issue of Dutch communist daily De Waarheid (The Truth)

1991 - "Taking Steps" closes at Circle in Sq Theater NYC after 78 perfs 1991 - Space Shuttle STS 39 (Discovery 12) launched

1992 - The Milwaukee Brewers defeat the eventual World Series champion Toronto Blue Jays 22-2 with AL record 31 hits in 9 innings

1992 - Italian President Francesco Cossiga formally resigns

1993 - Carlo Ciampi forms Italian government with ex-communists 1993 - Zambian plane crashes at Libreville, Gabon, 30 soccer players die

1993 - NY Islanders beat Washington Capitals 4 to 1 in playoffs, Caps Dale Hunter attacks Pierre Turgeon after scoring, in hockey's worst cheap shot

1994 - First multi-racial election in South Africa ends [3 days]

1994 - Aldrich Ames, former CIA officer & wife Rosario plead guilty to spying

1994 - Freddy Thielemans sworn in as mayor of Brussels Belgium 1995 - Gas explosion in South Korean metro, 103 die 1995 - Sri Lankaan BAE748 crashes at Palaly, 52 die

1996 - Martin Bryant shoots & kills 35 in Port Arthur Tasmania

1996 - American President Clinton gave a 4 1/2 hour videotaped testimony as a defense witness in the criminal trial of his former Whitewater business partners.

1997 - A worldwide treaty to ban chemical weapons took effect. Russia and other countries such as Iraq and North Korea did not sign.

1999 - The U.S. House of Representatives rejected (on a tie vote of 213-213) a measure expressing support for NATO's five-week-old air campaign in Yugoslavia. The House also voted to limit the president's authority to use ground forces in Yugoslavia.

2001 -A Russian rocket launched from Central Asia with the first space tourist aboard. The crew consisted of California businessman Dennis Tito and two cosmonauts. The destination was the international space station.

2004 - The Abu Ghraib prison abuse scandal first comes to light when graphic photos of U.S. soldiers physically abusing and humiliating Iraqi prisoners were shown on CBS's 60 Minutes II.

2005 - The Patent Law Treaty goes into effect.

2012 - Tent collapse in St Louis, Missouri, kills one and injures 110 people


http://on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/apr28.htm

http://www.historyorb.com/today/events.php

http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history

http://www.infoplease.com/dayinhistory

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