http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history
Jan 16, 1919: Prohibition takes effect
The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, prohibiting the "manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes," is ratified on this day in 1919 and becomes the law of the land.
The movement for the prohibition of alcohol began in the early 19th century, when Americans concerned about the adverse effects of drinking began forming temperance societies. By the late 19th century, these groups had become a powerful political force, campaigning on the state level and calling for total national abstinence. In December 1917, the 18th Amendment, also known as the Prohibition Amendment, was passed by Congress and sent to the states for ratification.
Prohibition took effect in January 1919. Nine months later, Congress passed the Volstead Act, or National Prohibition Act, over President Woodrow Wilson's veto. The Volstead Act provided for the enforcement of prohibition, including the creation of a special unit of the Treasury Department. Despite a vigorous effort by law-enforcement agencies, the Volstead Act failed to prevent the large-scale distribution of alcoholic beverages, and organized crime flourished in America. In 1933, the 21st Amendment to the Constitution was passed and ratified, repealing prohibition.
Jan 16, 1991: The Persian Gulf War begins
At midnight in Iraq, the United Nations deadline for the Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait expires, and the Pentagon prepares to commence offensive operations to forcibly eject Iraq from its five-month occupation of its oil-rich neighbor. At 4:30 p.m. EST, the first fighter aircraft were launched from Saudi Arabia and off U.S. and British aircraft carriers in the Persian Gulf on bombing missions over Iraq. All evening, aircraft from the U.S.-led military coalition pounded targets in and around Baghdad as the world watched the events transpire in television footage transmitted live via satellite from Baghdad and elsewhere. At 7:00 p.m., Operation Desert Storm, the code-name for the massive U.S.-led offensive against Iraq, was formally announced at the White House.
The operation was conducted by an international coalition under the command of U.S. General Norman Schwarzkopf and featured forces from 32 nations, including Britain, Egypt, France, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait. During the next six weeks, the allied force engaged in a massive air war against Iraq's military and civil infrastructure, and encountered little effective resistance from the Iraqi air force or air defenses. Iraqi ground forces were helpless during this stage of the war, and Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein's only significant retaliatory measure was the launching of SCUD missile attacks against Israel and Saudi Arabia. Saddam hoped that the missile attacks would provoke Israel to enter the conflict, thus dissolving Arab support of the war. At the request of the United States, however, Israel remained out of the war.
On February 24, a massive coalition ground offensive began, and Iraq's outdated and poorly supplied armed forces were rapidly overwhelmed. Kuwait was liberated in less than four days, and a majority of Iraq's armed forces surrendered, retreated into Iraq, or were destroyed. On February 28, President George H.W. Bush declared a cease-fire, and Iraq pledged to honor future coalition and U.N. peace terms. One hundred and twenty-five American soldiers were killed in the Persian Gulf War, with another 21 regarded as missing in action. On March 20, 2003, a second war between Iraq and a U.S.-led coalition began, this time with the stated U.S. objective of removing Saddam Hussein from power and, ostensibly, finding and destroying the country's weapons of mass destruction. Hussein was captured by a U.S. military unit on December 13, 2003. No weapons of mass destruction were found. Although U.S. President George W. Bush declared an end to major combat operations in Iraq on May 1, 2003, an insurgency has continued an intense guerrilla war in the nation that has resulted in thousands of coalition military, insurgent and civilian deaths.
Jan 16, 1990: Soviets send troops into Azerbaijan
In the wake of vicious fighting between Armenian and Azerbaijani forces in Azerbaijan, the Soviet government sends in 11,000 troops to quell the conflict.
The fighting--and the official Soviet reaction to it--was an indication of the increasing ineffectiveness of the central Soviet government in maintaining control in the Soviet republics, and of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's weakening political power.
Strife in Azerbaijan was the result of centuries of tensions between the Islamic Azerbaijanis and the Christian Armenians. Since the Russian Revolution in 1917, the communist regime managed to maintain relative peace between the two groups, but with the gradual weakening of the Soviet Union during the late-1980s, ethnic rivalries began to re-emerge. In its weakened state, the Soviet Union chose to only partially involve itself in the conflict. The approach was unusual--had it occurred under the strict communist regime of the Cold War's peak, such a tense internal conflict would likely have been immediately and forcefully quelled.
In the latest outbreak of violence, Armenians took the brunt of the attacks and nearly 60 people were killed. Armenian spokesmen condemned the lack of action on the part of the Gorbachev regime and pleaded for military intervention. Soviet officials, however, were not eager to leap into the ethnic fray and attempted to downplay the seriousness of the situation in the press. One Soviet official declared that the fighting in Azerbaijan was not a "civil war," but merely "national strife."
Some Gorbachev supporters even voiced the suspicion that the violence in the region was being stirred up by anti-Gorbachev activists merely to discredit the regime. Gorbachev dispatched 11,000 Soviet troops to quiet the situation, and the United States government supported his action as a humanitarian response to the killings and terror.
The troops Gorbachev sent did little to alleviate the situation--over the next two years, ethnic violence in Azerbaijan continued, and the weakening Soviet regime was unable to bring a lasting resolution to the situation. Less than two years later, Gorbachev resigned from power and the Soviet Union ceased to exist.
Jan 16, 1945: Hitler descends into his bunker
On this day, Adolf Hitler takes to his underground bunker, where he remains for 105 days until he commits suicide.
Hitler retired to his bunker after deciding to remain in Berlin for the last great siege of the war. Fifty-five feet under the chancellery (Hitler's headquarters as chancellor), the shelter contained 18 small rooms and was fully self-sufficient, with its own water and electrical supply. He left only rarely (once to decorate a squadron of Hitler Youth) and spent most of his time micromanaging what was left of German defenses and entertaining Nazi colleagues like Hermann Goering, Heinrich Himmler, and Joachim von Ribbentrop. Constantly at his side during this time were his companion, Eva Braun, and his Alsatian, Blondi.
On April 29, Hitler married Eva in their bunker hideaway. Eva Braun met Hitler while working as an assistant to Hitler's official photographer. Braun spent her time with Hitler out of public view, entertaining herself by skiing and swimming. She had no discernible influence on Hitler's political career but provided a certain domesticity to the life of the dictator. Loyal to the end, she refused to leave the bunker even as the Russians closed in.
Only hours after they were united in marriage, both Hitler and Eva committed suicide. Warned by officers that the Russians were only about a day from overtaking the chancellery and urged to escape to Berchtesgarden, a small town in the Bavarian Alps where Hitler owned a home, the dictator instead chose to take his life. Both he and his wife swallowed cyanide capsules (which had been tested for their efficacy on his "beloved" dog and her pups). For good measure, he shot himself with his pistol.
Here's a more detailed look at events that transpired on this date throughout history:
27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius
Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate.
550 - Gothic War (535-552): The Ostrogoths, under King
Totila, conquer Rome after a long siege, by bribing the Isaurian garrison.
1120 - The Council of Nablus is held, establishing the
earliest surviving written laws of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem.
1219 - Floods in Northern Netherlands after storm, 1,000s
killed
1362 - A great storm tide in the North Sea destroys the
German island of Strand and the city of Rungholt.
1412 - The Medici family is appointed official banker of the
Papacy.
1492 - The first grammar of a modern language, in the
Spanish language, is presented to Queen Isabella.
1493 - Columbus leaves the new world and sets sail for Spain
on his 1st trip
1531 - English Reformation parliament's 2nd sitting
1547 - Ivan IV the Terrible (17) crowns himself 1st tsar of
Moscow
1556 - Emperor Karel appoints his son Philip II, king of
Spain
1572 - Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk is tried for
treason for his part in the Ridolfi plot to restore Catholicism in England.
1581 - English parliament passes laws against Catholicism
1605 - The first edition of El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote
de la Mancha (Book One of Don Quixote) by Miguel de Cervantes is published in
Madrid.
1756 - England & Prussia sign Treaty of Westminster
1759 - British Museum opens in London
1761 - The British capture Pondicherry, India from the
French.
1765 - Charles Messier catalogs M41 (galactic cluster in
Canis Major)
1776 - Continental Congress approves enlistment of free
blacks
Explorer of the New World Christopher ColumbusExplorer of
the New World Christopher Columbus 1777 - Vermont declares independence from NY
1780 - Battle at Cape St Vincent: admiral Rodney beats
Spanish fleet
1795 - French army under Pichegru occupies Utrecht Neth
1809 - Peninsular War: The British defeat the French at the
Battle of Corunna
1819 - Godert baron van der de Capellen becomes governor of
Dutch-Indies
1832 - Charles Darwin lands at San Tiago, Cape Verde
1847 - John C. Fremont is appointed Governor of the new
California Territory.
1863 - -Aug 23rd) Cruise of CSS Florida
1864 - Heavy fighting takes place near Dandridge, Tennessee
1865 - Drunken sailor attacks munitions at Ft Fisher NC, 40
die
1865 - Gen Wm Sherman issues Field Order #15 (land for
blacks)
1865 - SF Dramatic Chronicle started
1868 - Refrigerator car patented by William Davis, a fish
dealer in Detroit
1870 - Virginia becomes 8th state readmitted to US after
Civil War
1871 - Jefferson Long of Georgia sworn in as 2nd black
congressman
Naturalist Charles DarwinNaturalist Charles Darwin 1877 -
Color organ (for light shows) patented, by Bainbridge Bishop
1878 - Captain Burago with a squadron of Russian Imperial
army dragoons liberates Plovdiv from Ottoman rule.
1879 - January record 13" of snow falls in NYC (broken
Jan 7, 1996)
1883 - Pendleton Act creates basis of US Civil Service
system
1883 - Quebec Rugby Football Union forms
1887 - Cliff House damaged when schooner "Parallel"'s
powder cargo explodes
1889 - 128°F (53°C), Cloncurry, Queensland (Australian
record)
1896 - Defeat of Cymru Fydd at South Wales Liberal
Federation AGM, Newport, Monmouthshire.
1897 - John Dewey's essay "My Pedagogic Creed"
appears in School Journal
1900 - The United States Senate accepts the Anglo-German
treaty of 1899 in which the United Kingdom renounces its claims to the Samoan
islands.
1905 - Baseball outfielder Frank Huelsman completes eighth
transaction in 8 months
1905 - Stanley Cup: Ottawa Silver 7 sweep Dawson City
(Yukon) in 2 games Ottawa Silver 7 beats Dawson City (Yukon) 23-2 for Stanley
Cup, this is most lopsided playoff game, Frank McGee scores 14 goals
1906 - -13] Conference of Algeciras (about Morocco)
1906 - -Apr 13] Conference of Algeciras (about Morocco)
1908 - Pinnacles National Monument, California established
Philosopher, Psychologist, Writer John DeweyPhilosopher,
Psychologist, Writer John Dewey 1909 - British explorer Ernest Shackleton finds
magnetic south pole
1909 - David, Mawson & Mackay reach south magnetic pole
1911 - Pandora becomes 1st 2-man sailboat to round Cape Horn
west to east
1913 - British House of Commons accepts Home-Rule for
Ireland
1914 - Writer Maksim Gorki returns to Russia
1915 - Congress authorizes $1 & $50 Panama-Pacific Intl
Expo gold coin
1919 - Prohibition ratified by 3/4 of states; Nebraska is
36th
1920 - 18th Amendment, prohibition, goes into effect;
repealed in 1933
1920 - 1st assembly of League of Nations (Paris)
1920 - Georgia declares independence
1925 - Gen M Froense replaces Trotsky as People's
Commissioner of Defense
1925 - Leon Trotsky dismissed as CEO of Russian Revolution
Military Council
1931 - Bradman scores 223 Australia v WI, 297 mins, 26 fours
1933 - Bert Oldfield flattened by Larwood delivery in
Adelaide Test
1936 - 1st photo finish camera installed at Hialeah Race
track in Hialeah Fla
Russian Revolutionary Leon TrotskyRussian Revolutionary Leon
Trotsky 1936 - Screen Actors Guild incorporates with King Vidor as president
1936 - Spanish socialists/communists/anarchists form Unidad
Popular
1938 - 1st jazz concert was held at Carnegie Hall (Benny
Goodman)
1941 - US vice admiral Bellinger warns of an assault on
Pearl Harbor
1941 - War Dept forms 1st Army Air Corps squadron for black
cadets
1942 - William Knudsen becomes 1st civilian appointed a
general in US army
1943 - -60°F (-51°C), Island Park Dam, Idaho (state record)
1943 - 1st US air raid on Ambon
1943 - German 2nd SS-Pantzer division evacuates Charkow
1943 - Red Army recaptures Pitomnik airport at Stalingrad
1944 - Gen Eisenhower took command of Allied Invasion Force
in London
1945 - Scottish 52nd land division/1st Commando
brigade-assault at Heinsberg
1945 - US 1st & 3rd army meet at Houffalise
1947 - Vincent Aurial elected president of France
1948 - 35 Haganah members are ambushed & killed in Gush
Etzyon
1949 - "Rape of Lucretia" closes at Ziegfeld
Theater NYC after 23 perfs
1949 - KNBH (now KNBC) TV channel 4 in Los Angeles, CA (NBC)
1st broadcast
1949 - WTOP (now WUSA) TV channel 9 in Washington, DC (CBS)
1st broadcast
1950 - Belgium, Luxembourg & Netherlands recognize
Israel
1951 - Viet Minh offensive against Hanoi
1951 - World's largest gas pipeline opens (Brownsville Tx,
to 134th St, NYC)
1952 - New Dutch bible translation finished
1952 - US Standard Board clears Stan Musial to get an
$85,000 salary
1953 - 27th Australian Womens Tennis: Maureen Connolly beat
J Sampson (6-3 6-2)
1953 - 41st Australian Mens Tennis: Ken Rosewall beats
Mervyn Rose (6-0 6-3 6-4)
1953 - Egyptian Premier Gen Naguib disbands all political
parties
1953 - KXLY TV channel 4 in Spokane, WA (ABC/CBS) begins
broadcasting
1954 - "South Pacific" closes at Majestic Theater
NYC after 1928 performances
1955 - Jackie Pung wins LPGA Sea Island Golf Open
1955 - NFL Pro Bowl: West beats East 26-19
1956 - Egyptian pres Nasser pledges to reconquer Palestine
1957 - 3 B-52s leave California for 1st non-stop round world
flights
1957 - Cavern Club opens on Matthews Street in Liverpool,
England, home of The Beatles' 1st appearance
1958 - William Gibson's "Two for the Seesaw,"
premieres in NYC
1961 - "Conquering Hero" opens at ANTA Theater NYC
for 8 performances
1961 - Russian espionage ring detected in Great Britain
1962 - Shooting begins on "Dr No"
1962 - Suit accuses NYC Board of Education uses "racial
quotas"
First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Nikita KhrushchevFirst Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Nikita Khrushchev 1963 - Khrushchev claims to have a 100-megaton nuclear bomb
1963 - Tennessee Williams' "Milk Train Doesn't Stop
Here Anymore," premieres
1964 - "Hello, Dolly!" opens at St James Theater
NYC for 2,844 performances
1964 - AL owners vote 9-1 against Charlie Finley moving KC
A's to Louisville
1965 - "Oh What a Lovely War" closes at Broadhurst
NYC after 125 performances
1965 - "Outer Limits" last airs on ABC-TV
1965 - AFL Pro Bowl: West beats East 38-14
1965 - Searchers' "Love Potion #9" peaks at #3
1965 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern
Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1966 - Harold R Perry becomes 2nd black Roman Catholic
bishop in US
1966 - Metropolitan Opera House opens in Lincoln Center
1967 - 1st black government installed in Bahamas
1967 - Lucius Amerson, becomes 1st southern (Ala) black
sheriff in 20th cent
1968 - 21st NHL All-Star Game: Toronto beat All-Stars 4-3 at
Toronto
1968 - Jay Allen's "Prime of Miss Jean Brodie,"
premieres in NYC
Playwright Tennessee WilliamsPlaywright Tennessee Williams
1968 - The Youth International Party is founded.
1969 - Soviet Soyuz 4 & Soyuz 5 perform 1st transfer of
crew in space
1970 - Col Kadhaffi becomes premier of Libya
1970 - Curt Flood files a civil lawsuit challenging
baseball's reserve clause
1970 - NFL realigns into 3 divisions (down from 4)
1970 - AAU player Steve Myers makes a basketball field goal
of 92'3½" from out of bounds, Tacoma-it shouldn't have counted, but was
allowed
1970 - Buckminster Fuller receives the Gold Medal award from
the American Institute of Architects.
1971 - Ard Schenk skates world record 1500m (1:58.7)
1972 - Atje Keulen-Deelstra becomes European all-round lady
skating champ
1972 - Super Bowl VI: Dallas Cowboys-24, Miami-3 in New
Orleans Superbowl MVP: Roger Staubach, Dallas, QB
1973 - NBC presents 440th & final showing of
"Bonanza"
1973 - USSR's Lunakhod 2 begins radio-controlled exploration
of Moon
1974 - "Jaws" by Peter Benchley is published
1974 - L A Landslide kills 9, Canyonville, Oregon
1974 - NY Yankees Mickey Mantle & Whitey Ford elected to
Hall of Fame
Jaws Novelist Peter BenchleyJaws Novelist Peter Benchley
1976 - "Donny & Marie" [Osmond] musical variety show premieres on
ABC TV
1976 - Peter Frampton released platinum live album
"Frampton Comes Alive"
1977 - Cap's H Monahan scored on 2nd penalty shot against
Islanders
1978 - 5th American Music Award: Stevie Wonder, Fleetwood
Mac & C Twitty
1978 - Soyuz 27 returns to Earth
1979 - Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlevi of Iran flees Iran for
Egypt
1980 - Paul McCartney jailed in Tokyo for 10 days on
marijuana possession
1981 - Boxer Leon Spinks is mugged, his assailants even took
his gold teeth
1981 - John Lennon releases "Woman" in UK
1981 - Protestant gunmen shoot & wound Bernadette Devlin
McAliskey & husband
1981 - Ivan Lendl intentionally loses a match in Volvo
Masters in order to avoid having to play Bjorn Borg
1984 - 11th American Music Award: Pat Benatar & Michael
Jackson win
1984 - Paul & Linda McCartney arrested in Barbados-possession
of cannabis
1985 - "Playboy" announces end of stapling
centerfolds
1986 - Police arrested 3 IRA-terrorists in Amsterdam
King of Pop Michael JacksonKing of Pop Michael Jackson 1986
- First meeting of the Internet Engineering Task Force.
1988 - 4th Soap Opera Digest Awards - Days of Our Live wins
1988 - Jimmy "the Greek" Snyder fired from CBS for
racial remarks
1988 - NFL St Louis Cardinals announce move to Phoenix
1989 - Police arrest writer Vaclav Havel in Prague
1989 - USSR announces plan for 2-yr manned mission to Mars
1990 - 2 Bank of Credit & Commerce members plea guilty
to money laundering
1991 - 7th Soap Opera Digest Awards - Days of Our Live wins
1991 - US & 27 allies attack Iraq for occupying Kuwait
(US time)
1992 - "2 Shakespearean Actors" opens at Cort
Theater NYC for 29 performances
1994 - Scott skates world record 1000m (1:12.54)
1995 - UPN (Universal-Parmount Network) begins telecasting
(WWOR in NYC)
1997 - Anthony Stuart takes ODI hat-trick, Aus v Pakistan,
MCG
2001 - Congolese President Laurent-Désiré Kabila is
assassinated by one of his own bodyguards.
2001 - US President Bill Clinton awards former President
Theodore Roosevelt a posthumous Medal of Honor for his service in the
Spanish-American War.
Islamic Militant & Terrorist Osama bin LadenIslamic
Militant & Terrorist Osama bin Laden 2002 - The UN Security Council
unanimously establishes an arms embargo and the freezing of assets of Osama bin
Laden, Al-Qaida, and the remaining members of the Taliban.
2003 - The Space Shuttle Columbia takes off for mission
STS-107 which would be its final one. Columbia disintegrated 16 days later on
re-entry.
2006 - Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf is sworn in as Liberia's new
president. She becomes Africa's first female elected head of state.
2013 - 24 people are dead after three car bombs exploded in
Idlib Governorate, Syria
2013 - A four day occupation of an Algerian BP facility by
Amenas militants begins, killing 48 hostages
2013 - 25 people are killed after an apartment block
collapses in Alexandria, Egypt
1547 - Ivan the Terrible was crowned Czar of Russia. 1572 - The Duke of Norfolk was tried for treason for complicity in the Ridolfi plot to restore Catholicism in England. He was executed on June 2. 1759 - The British Museum opened. 1809 - The British defeated the French at the Battle of Corunna, in the Peninsular War. 1866 - Mr. Everett Barney patented the metal screw, clamp skate. 1883 - The United States Civil Service Commission was established as the Pendleton Act went into effect. 1896 - The first five-player college basketball game was played at Iowa City, IA. 1900 - The U.S. Senate consented to the Anglo-German treaty of 1899, by which the U.K. renounced rights to the Samoan islands. 1919 - The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which prohibited the sale or transportation of alcoholic beverages, was ratified. It was later repealed by the 21st Amendment. 1920 - Prohibition went into effect in the U.S. 1920 - The motion picture "The Kid" opened. 1925 - Leon Trotsky was dismissed as Chairman of the Revolutionary Council of the USSR. 1939 - The "I Love a Mystery" debuted on NBC’s West-Coast outlets. 1944 - General Dwight D. Eisenhower took command of the Allied invasion force in London. 1961 - Mickey Mantle signed a contract that made him the highest paid baseball player in the American League at $75,000 for the 1961 season. 1964 - "Hello Dolly!" opened at the St. James Theatre in New York City. 1970 - Colonel Muammar el-Quaddafi became virtual president of Libya. 1970 - Buckminster Fuller, the designer of the geodesic dome, was awarded the Gold Medal of the American Institute of Architects. 1979 - The Shah of Iran and his family fled Iran for Egypt. 1982 - Britain and the Vatican resumed full diplomatic relations after a break of over 400 years. 1985 - "Playboy" magazine announced its 30-year tradition of stapling centerfold models in the bellybutton and elsewhere would come to an immediate end. 1988 - Jimmy "The Greek" Snyder was fired as a CBS sports commentator one day after telling a TV station in Washington, DC, that, during the era of slavery, blacks had been bred to produce stronger offspring. 1998 - Researchers announce that an altered gene helped to defend against HIV. 1991 - The White House announced the start of Operation Desert Storm. The operation was designed to drive Iraqi forces out of Kuwait. 1992 - Officials of the government of El Salvador and rebel leaders signed a pact in Mexico City ending 12 years of civil war. At least 75,000 people were killed during the fighting. 1998 - The first woman to enroll at Virginia Military Institute withdrew from the school. 1998 - NASA officially announced that John Glenn would fly aboard the space shuttle Discovery in October. 1998 - It was announced that Texas would receive $15.3 billion in a tobacco industry settlement. The payouts were planned to take place over 25 years. 1998 - Three federal judges secretly granted Kenneth Starr authority to probe whether U.S. President Clinton or Vernon Jordan urged Monica Lewinsky to lie about her relationship with Clinton. 2000 - Ricardo Lagos was elected Chile's first socialist president since Salvador Allende. 2002 - U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft announced that John Walker Lindh would be brought to the United States to face trial. He was charged in U.S. District Court in Alexandria, VA, with conspiracy to kill U.S. citizens, providing support to terrorist organizations, and engaging in prohibited transactions with the Taliban of Afghanistan. 2002 - The U.N. Security Council unanimously adopted sanctions against Osama bin Laden, his terror network and the remnants of the Taliban. The sanctions required that all nations impose arms embargoes and freeze their finances. 2009 - The iTunes Music Store reached 500 million applications downloaded.
1547 Ivan the Terrible was crowned the first czar of Russia. 1883 The U.S. Civil Service Commission established. 1920 A year after it was ratified, the 18th Amendment to the Constitution, prohibiting the sale of alcoholic beverages, went into effect. 1942 Actress Carole Lombard, the wife of actor Clark Gable, died in a plane crash. 1991 Operation Desert Storm was announced by the White House. 1992 The El Salvador government signed a peace treaty with guerrilla forces, formally ending 12 years of civil war. 2001 Laurent Kabila, president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, was assassinated. 2003 Space shuttle Columbia blasted off on what would be its final mission. The craft broke up on its descent on Feb. 1, killing all on board.
The following links are to web sites that were used to complete this blog entry:
http://www.historyorb.com/today/events.php
http://on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan16.htm
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history
http://www.infoplease.com/dayinhistory
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