http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history
Aug 1, 1914: First World War erupts in Europe
On August 1, 1914, four days after Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, two more great European powers—Russia and Germany—declare war on each other; the same day, France orders a general mobilization. The so-called "Great War" that ensued would be one of unprecedented destruction and loss of life, resulting in the deaths of some 20 million soldiers and civilians and the physical devastation of much of the European continent.
The event that was widely acknowledged to have sparked the outbreak of World War I occurred on July 28, 1914, when Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was shot to death with his wife by the Bosnian Serb nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo. Over the weeks that followed, Austria-Hungary blamed the Serbian government for the attack, hoping to use the incident as justification for settling the problem of Slavic nationalism in the tumultuous Balkans region once and for all. However, as Russia supported Serbia, an Austria-Hungary declaration of war was delayed until its leaders received assurances from German leader Kaiser Wilhelm II that Germany would support their cause in the event of a Russian intervention. This assurance came on July 5; Austria-Hungary subsequently sent an ultimatum to the Serbian government on July 23 and demanded its acceptance within two days at the risk of war. Though Serbia accepted all but two of the ultimatum’s terms, and Russia declared its intention to back Serbia in the case of such a conflict, Austria-Hungary went ahead with its war declaration against Serbia on July 28, one month after the assassinations.
With that declaration, the tenuous peace between Europe’s great powers was shattered: Germany warned Russia, still only partially mobilized, that to continue to full mobilization against Austria-Hungary would mean war with Germany. While insisting that Russia immediately halt mobilization, Germany began its own mobilization; when the Russians refused the German demands, Germany declared war on the czarist empire on August 1. That same day, Russia’s ally, France, long suspicious of German aggression, began its own mobilization, urging Great Britain—the third member, along with France and Russia, of the Triple Entente alliance—to declare its support. A divided British government declined to do so initially, but events soon precipitated Britain’s move towards war as well. On August 2, the first German army units crossed into Luxembourg as part of a long-planned German strategy to invade France through neutral Belgium. France and Germany declared war against each other on August 3; that night, Germany invaded Belgium, prompting Great Britain to declare war on Germany.
For the most part, the people of Europe greeted the outbreak of war with jubilation. The great majority of people—within government and without—assumed that their country would be victorious within months, and could not envision the possibility of a longer conflict. By the end of 1914, however, well over a million soldiers of various nationalities had been killed on the battlefields of Europe, and there was no final victory in sight for either the Allies or the Central Powers. On the Western Front—the battle line that stretched across northern France and Belgium—the combatants settled down in the trenches for a terrible war of attrition, which would continue, in Europe and other corners of the world, for the next four years.
Here's a more detailed look at events that transpired on this date throughout history:
30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus) enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Republic.
527 - Justinian I becomes the sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire
607 - Ono no Imoko is dispatched as envoy to the Sui court in China (Traditional Japanese date: July 3, 607).
649 - Pope Martinus I chosen successor of Theodorus I [or 8/7]
860 - Peace of Koblenz: Charles the Bare, Louis the German & Lotharius II
902 - Aghlabidisch emir Ibrahim II destroys Taormina, Sicily
1021 - Synod of Pavia: emperor Henry II convicts married priest
1086 - Results of the Domesday inquiry presented to William the Conqueror in Salisbury (the date of compilation and the Great Domesday are historically contestable)
1177 - Peace Treaty of Venice: Emperor Frederik I & Pope Alexander III
1203 - Alexius IV Angelus appointed co-regent of Byzantium
1291 - Everlasting League forms, basis of Swiss Confederation (Independence)
1485 - Henry (VII) Tudors army sails to England
1498 - Christopher Columbus lands on "Isla Santa" (Venezuela)
1588 - English admiral Howard van Effingham beats Spanish Armada
1589 - Assination of French King Henry III by friar Jacques Clément
1619 - 1st black Americans (20) land at Jamestown, Virginia
1626 - Earl Earnest Casimir conquerors Oldenzaal
1628 - Emperor Ferdinand II demands Austria Protestant convert to Catholicism
1664 - Battle at St Gotthard: Earl Raimondo Montecucculi beats Ahmed Kiprulu
Explorer of the New World Christopher ColumbusExplorer of the New World Christopher Columbus 1690 - Battle at Staffarda: French army beats Victor Amadeus van Savoye
1711 - Surrounded Czar Peter the Great flees Azov
1714 - Monarch Georg Ludwig becomes king George I of England
1715 - 1st Doggett's Coat and Badge race (Waterman's race) held on Thames River (London Bridge to Chelsea)
1732 - Foundation laid for Bank of England
1759 - Battle at Minden, Westfalen: Ferdinand van Brunswick beats France
1774 - Joseph Priestley, English theologian and chemist author discovers oxygen
1780 - Sweden declares neutrality
1781 - English army under general Cornwallis occupies Yorktown, Virginia
1785 - Caroline Herschel becomes 1st woman discoverer of a comet
1789 - US Customs begins enforcing Tariff Act
1790 - 1st US census (population of 3,939,214; 697,624 are slaves)
1793 - France becomes 1st country to use the metric system
1794 - Whiskey Rebellion begins
1798 - Battle of Abukir on the Nile-Nelson defeats French fleet
Russian Tsar Peter the GreatRussian Tsar Peter the Great 1812 - Rare tornado hits Westchester County NY
1814 - Belgium King Willem I accept blame in Southern defeat
1820 - London's Regent's Canal opens.
1828 - Bolton and Leigh Railway opens to freight traffic.
1831 - London Bridge opens to traffic
1832 - The Black Hawk War ends.
1834 - Slavery abolished throughout the British Empire - Slavery Abolition Act 1833 comes into effect
1836 - HMS Beagle/Charles Darwin returns to Bahia Brazil
1838 - Apprenticeship system abolished in most of the British Empire. Former slaves no longer indentured to former owners.
1840 - Labourer slaves in most of the British Empire are emancipated.
1842 - Rotherhithe Thames Tunnel opens
1842 - Lombard Street Riot erupts
1852 - SF Methodists establish 1st black church, Zion Methodist
1855 - Castle Clinton in NYC opens as 1st US receiving station for immigrants
1861 - Brazil recognizes Confederacy
Naturalist Charles DarwinNaturalist Charles Darwin 1863 - Battle of Little Rock, Arkansas; start of Chattanooga campaign
1863 - Cavalry action near Brandy Station-End of Gettysburg Campaign
1864 - Battle of Petersburg, VA
1867 - Blacks vote for 1st time in a US state election in the South (Tenn)
1869 - 1st voyage down Colorado River
1873 - SF's 1st cable car begins service
1876 - Colorado becomes 38th state
1881 - US Quarantine Station authorized for Angel Island, SF Bay
1883 - A papyrus offered to Brit Museum for £10,000 (forgery)
1883 - Amsterdam's Grand Hotel Krasnapolsky gets electric lights
1883 - Inland postal service begins in Great Britain
1886 - Great Britain annexes Kermadec-Island near New Zealand
1890 - Cecil Rhodes' colonies reach Lundi
1893 - Henry Perky & William Ford patent shredded wheat
1896 - George Samuelson completes rowing Atlantic (NY to England)
1901 - Burial within SF City limits prohibited
1902 - Building begins on Dutch public housing
1902 - Mine accident in Wollongong, Australia (100 die)
1903 - 1st coast-to-coast automobile trip (SF-NY) completed
1906 - Bkln Dodger Harry McIntire no-hits Pitts for 10 2/3 loses in 13th
1907 - Bank of Italy opens 1st branch at 3433 Mission Street, SF
1907 - Signal Corps of US army starts aircraft division
1907 - First Scout camp opens on Brownsea Island.
1909 - British SS Waratah disappears on Sydney to London, 300 killed
1911 - Omar N Bradley (18) begins education in West Point
1914 - British fleet reaches Scapa Flow
Last Tsar of Russia Nicholas II AleksandrovitchLast Tsar of Russia Nicholas II Aleksandrovitch 1914 - Emperor Wilhelm II declares war on his nephew Tsar Nicholas II (WW I)
1914 - France & Germany mobilize
1914 - Trois Vierges: German 69th infantry regiment enter Luxembourg Germany declares war on Russia in WW I
1916 - Hawaii National Park forms
1917 - Frank Little, IWW organizer, lynched in Butte, MT
1918 - British troops enter Vladivostok
1918 - Pittsburgh Pirates beat Boston Braves, 2-0, in 21 innings
1919 - Queen Wilhelmina opens 1st Air Fair in Amsterdam
1919 - Treffers soccer team forms in Groesbeek
1920 - Papendrecht soccer team forms
1920 - Peace of Riga-Independence of Latvia
1922 - Hendrikus Colijn becomes political editor-in-chief of The Standard
1925 - Shortwave-radio link between Kootwijk & Netherland East-Indies
1926 - Battles between Druzen & French in Damascus
1926 - Failed assassination on Gen Primo de Rivera in Barcelona
1927 - Earliest date for a film to be considered for the Academy Awards
Baseball Great Babe RuthBaseball Great Babe Ruth 1928 - Babe Ruth hits HR # 42 & is 4 weeks ahead of his 1927 pace
1933 - Carl Hubbell sets record of consecutive scoreless innings (45 1/3)
1933 - Death penality for anti fascists in Germany
1933 - Dutch colonial regime in Batavia arrest ir Sukarno
1933 - NRA (National Recovery Administration) forms
1936 - Adolph Hitler opens 11th Olympic Games in Berlin
1936 - Benjamin E Mays named president of Morehouse College
1941 - Luftwaffe bombs German 23rd division
1941 - NY Yankee Lefty Gomez walks most (11) in a shutout (Yanks 9, St L 0)
1941 - The first Jeep is produced.
1942 - Deurne soccer team forms
1942 - German occupier demands listing of all Dutch telephone subscribers
1942 - Race riots in Harlem, New York
1943 - Japan declares Burma Independence under U Ba Maw
1943 - Race riot in Harlem NYC
Dictator of Nazi Germany Adolph HitlerDictator of Nazi Germany Adolph Hitler 1943 - Sunderland seaplanes sink U-454 & U-383
1944 - Adam Clayton Powell elected 1st black congressman from East
1944 - Anne Frank's last diary entry; 3 days later she is arrested
1944 - General Montgomery takes command of 12th & 21st army
1944 - US 90th division occupies St Hilaire-du-Harcourt
1944 - US troops enter Tessy-sur-Vir
1944 - Uprising in Warsaw
1945 - Japanese city Toyama destroyed by B-29's
1945 - Mel Ott is 1st in NL to hit 500th HR (joins Babe Ruth & Jimmy Foxx)
1945 - SVBO soccer team forms in Barger-Oosterveld
1946 - Pres Harry Truman establishes Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)
1947 - "Medium & The Telephone" opens at Barrymore Theater NYC for 211 perfs
1947 - Valleivogels soccer team forms in Scherpenzeel
1948 - The U.S. Air Force Office of Special Investigations is founded.
1950 - 1st Major League baseball player to fight in Korea (Curt Simmons)
33rd US President Harry Truman33rd US President Harry Truman 1950 - American Bowling Congress ends all-white-males rule
1950 - Guam adopts constitution (Organic Act)
1950 - King Leopold of Belgium abdicates, Baudouin becomes King
1950 - Territory of Guam created
1951 - David Ben-Gurion's Mapai-party wins Israeli parliamentary election
1953 - California introduces sales tax (for education)
1953 - Fidel Castro arrested in Cuba
1953 - KMBC TV channel 9 in Kansas City, MO (MET/ABC) begins broadcasting
1953 - KOBI TV channel 5 in Medford, OR (NBC) begins broadcasting
1953 - Northern Rhodesia becomes part of Federation of Rhodesia & Nyasaland
1953 - Red Sox Ben Flowers sets then record of 8 consecutive games in relief
1954 - Louison Bobet wins his 2nd Tour de France
1954 - WKBT TV channel 8 in La Crosse, WI (CBS) begins broadcasting
1955 - 1st microgravity research begins
1955 - Tengku Abdul Rahman forms Malacca government
Dictator Fidel CastroDictator Fidel Castro 1955 - WILL TV channel 12 in Urbana-Champaign, IL (PBS) begins broadcasting
1956 - KRCR TV channel 7 in Redding-Chico, CA (ABC) begins broadcasting
1957 - 1st coml building heated by Sun (Albuquerque NM)
1957 - Gil Hodges hits his NL record 13th career grand slam (Last by Bkln)
1957 - Glen Gorbous throws a baseball a record 136 m (445'10")
1957 - US & Canada create North American Air Defense Command (NORAD)
1958 - 1st class postage up to 4 cents (had been 3 cents for 26 years)
1958 - US atomic sub USS Nautilus 1st begins transit of North Pole "operation Sunshine"
1959 - New Continental baseball league formed
1959 - Pope John XXIII publishes encyclical Sacerdotii nostri primordia
1959 - WAAY TV channel 31 in Huntsville, AL (ABC/NBC) begins broadcasting
1960 - Aretha Franklins 1st recording session
1960 - Benin (Dahomey) gains independence from France
1960 - Chubby Checker releases "The Twist"
1960 - Islamabad declared as the federal capital of the Government of Pakistan.
1961 - Benaud rips through England team for Aussie win at Old Trafford
1961 - German DR limits traffic to West Berlin
1961 - New SF Hall of Justice opens
1961 - Whitney Young Jr named executive director of National Urban League
1962 - Boston Red Sox Bill Monboquette no-hits Chicago White Sox, 1-0
1962 - Failed assassination on president Nkrumah of Ghana
1963 - Beatles Book is sold out on its 1st day of sale
1963 - Germany FR annexes Elten village
1963 - WQAD TV channel 8 in Moline, IL (ABC) begins broadcasting
1964 - ALM (Antillian Airlines) begins operation
1964 - Beatles' "Hard Day's Night, A," single goes #1 & stays #1 for 2 weeks
1965 - Betsy Rawls wins LPGA Waterloo Golf Open
1966 - Charles Whitman wounds 31 & kills 16 at University of Texas
1967 - Izaak Samkalden becomes mayor of Amsterdam
1967 - WBRA TV channel 15 in Roanoke, VA (PBS) begins broadcasting
1968 - Canada begins replacing silver with nickel in coins
1968 - Cleveland Metroparks begins operating Zoo
1968 - WXIX TV channel 19 in Cincinnati-Newport, OH (IND) begins broadcasting
1968 - The coronation is held of Hassanal Bolkiah, the 29th Sultan of Brunei.
1969 - 110,000 attend Atlantic City Pop Festival
1969 - 36th NFL Chicago All-Star Game: NY Jets 26, All-Stars 24 (74,208)
1969 - Mariner 6 sends close-up photo's of Mars
1970 - EAA Convention moves from Rockford Ill to Oshkosh, Wi
1970 - KTSD TV channel 10 in Pierre, SD (PBS) begins broadcasting
1970 - Willie Stargell (Pirates) ties record of 5 extra base hits in a game
1971 - Bangladesh refugee concert with George Harrison
1971 - CBS presents Masterpiece Theatre's 6 Wives of Henry VIII
1971 - George Harrison's concert for Bangladesh takes place in NYC
1971 - Joanne Carner wins LPGA Bluegrass Golf Invitational
1972 - 1st article exposing Wategate scandal (Bernstein-Woodward)
1972 - Nate Colbert of SD Padres hits record tying 5 HRs in a double header
1973 - H J Witteveen appointed as director of IMF
1973 - Munson & Fisk get into a brawl at Fenway Park
1974 - Virginia Squires trade Julius "Dr J" Erving to NY Nets
1975 - 38 government leaders signs Helsinki accord
1975 - 41st NFL Chicago All-Star Game: Pittsburgh 21, All-Stars 14 (54,103)
1975 - Billy Martin replaces Bill Virdon as manager of NY Yankees
1975 - Helsinki Pact guaranteeing boundaries, rights signed by 35 nations
1975 - CSCE Final Act creates the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
1976 - 21st Olympic games close at Montreal Canada
1976 - Flash flood in Big Thompson Canyon Colo on Route 34, kills 139
1976 - Liz Taylor's 6th divorce (re-divorces Richard Burton)
1976 - Seattle Seahawks play 1st (preseason) game (SF 27, Seattle 20)
1977 - SF Giant Willie McCovey hits NL record 18th grand slammer
1977 - Former Lockheed U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers crashes the news helicopter he was flying in Los Angeles
1978 - Braves stop Reds Pete Rose's hitting streak at 44 games
1978 - Commandos occupy Iraqi embassy in Paris, 1 dead
1978 - Pete Rose goes hitless, ends his 44 game hitting streak (ties NL)
1979 - Maria de Lurdes Pintasilgo forms government in Portugal
1980 - Gerd Wessig of East Germany set high jump record
1980 - Waldemar Cierpinski wins 19th olympics marathon (2:11:03
1980 - Buttevant Rail Disaster kills 18 and injures dozens of train passengers in Ireland.
1981 - MTV premieres at 12:01 AM
1981 - Poland premier Jagielski resigns
1982 - Beth Daniel wins LPGA Columbia Savings Golf Classic
1982 - Greg Louganis, US becomes 1st diver to score 700 (752.67) in 11 dives
1982 - H Aaron, F Robinson, T Jackson, & H Chandler inducted in Hall of Fame
1982 - Heavy Israeli air bombardment on Beirut
1982 - Petra Schneider swims world record 400m medley (4:36.10)
1983 - New Zealand score their 1st Test Cricket match victory in England
1985 - 15.4 cm rainfall at Cheyenne, Wyoming (state record)
1985 - Emmy 12th Daytime Award presentation - Susan Lucci loses for 6th time
1985 - Vince Coleman steals 2 bases in 1st inning, for NL rookie record 74
1986 - Bert Blyleven becomes 10th pitcher to strike out 3,000
1986 - Cleveland sets AL attendance record for twi-night doubleheader, 65,934
1986 - Grateful Dead's Jerry Garcia release from hospital after 3 week coma
1987 - Crossbow flight record (2,005 yds 1'9") set by Harry Drake in Nevada
Heavyweight Boxing Champion Mike TysonHeavyweight Boxing Champion Mike Tyson 1987 - Mike Tyson beat Tony Tucker in 12 for heavyweight boxing title
1987 - Nurse Mary R Stout chosen chairperson of Vietnam Veterans of America
1988 - Deep Rover 1-man research submarine unveiled at Crater Lake, Oregon
1988 - Rush Limbaugh begins his national radio show.
1989 - Australia take 3-0 series lead over England to regain Cricket Ashes
1990 - "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof" closes at Eugene O'Neill NYC after 149 perfs
1990 - Indians' Alex Cole sets club record with 5 stolen bases in one game
1990 - Iraq pulls out of talks with Kuwait
1990 - Soyuz TM-10 launches
1990 - Stanton Cook becomes CEO of Chicago Cubs
1991 - Actress Hedy Lamarr, 77, arrested for shoplifting in Florida
1991 - Italian/Argentine Soccer star Diego Maradona retires
1992 - "Salome" closes at Circle in Sq Theater NYC after 9 performances
1992 - NBC's "Saturday Today" premieres
1992 - USA/USSR Around World Air Race begins at Santa Monica
Soccer Legend Diego MaradonaSoccer Legend Diego Maradona 1993 - "In the Summer House" opens at Beaumont Theater NYC for 25 perfs
1993 - "She Loves Me" closes at Criterion Theater NYC after 61 performances
1993 - Missie Berteott wins LPGA Ping/Welch's Golf Championship
1993 - Reggie Jackson enshrined in Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, NY
1993 - Walter Koenig, Checkov of Star Trek, suffers a heart attack
1994 - 99.9°F (37.7°C) in Berlin-Dahlem: record
1994 - The Rolling Stones begin Voodoo Lounge world tour
1994 - Train crash in Havana Cuba, 6 killed
1995 - Westinghouse purchases CBS-TV network
1996 - M2, MTV's second TV channel is launched
1998 - -8] Gay & Lesbian Games #5 open in Amsterdam
2001 - An agreement is reached on the position of the minority Albanian language in the Republic of Macedonia.
2001 - Bulgaria, Cyprus, Latvia, Malta, Slovenia and Slovakia join the European Environment Agency.
2001 - Alabama Supreme Court Chief Justice Roy Moore has a Ten Commandments monument installed in the judiciary building, leading to a lawsuit to have it removed and his own removal from office.
2004 - A supermarket fire kills 396 people and injures 500 in Asunción, Paraguay.
2007 - The I-35W Mississippi River Bridge spanning the Mississippi River in Minneapolis, Minnesota, collapses during the evening rush hour.
2012 - Typhoon Saola kills elven people and displaces over 150,000 in the Philippines
2012 - 8 Women's badminton doubles players are disqualified from the 2012 summer Olympics for "not using one's best efforts to win a match"
1498 - Christopher Columbus landed on "Isla Santa" (Venezuela). 1619 - The first black Americans (20) arrived at Jamestown, VA. 1774 - Oxygen was isolated from air successfully by chemist Carl Wilhelm and scientist Joseph Priestly. 1790 - The first U.S. census was completed with a total population of 3,929,214 recorded. The areas included were the present states of Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont and Virginia 1834 - Slavery was outlawed in the British empire with an emancipation bill. 1873 - Andrew S. Hallidie successfully tested a cable car. The design was done for San Francisco, CA. 1876 - Colorado became the 38th state to join the United States. 1893 - Shredded wheat was patented by Henry Perky and William Ford. 1894 - The first Sino-Japanese War erupted. The dispute was over control of Korea. 1907 - The U.S. Army established an aeronautical division that later became the U.S. Air Force. 1914 - Germany declared war on Russia at the beginning of World War I. 1936 - Adolf Hitler presided over the Olympic games as they opened in Berlin. 1944 - In Warsaw, Poland, an uprising against Nazi occupation began. The revolt continued until October 2 when Polish forces surrendered. 1946 - In the U.S., the Atomic Energy Commission was established. 1953 - The first aluminum-faced building was completed. It was the first of this type in America. 1956 - The Social Security Act was amended to provide benefits to disabled workers aged 50-64 and disabled adult children. 1957 - The North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) was created by the United States and Canada. 1973 - The movie "American Graffiti" opened. 1975 - The Helsinki accords pledged the signatory nations to respect human rights. 1976 - The Seattle Seahawks played their first (preseason) game. The Seahawks lost 27-20 to San Francisco. 1978 - Pete Rose (Cincinnati Reds) ended his streak of hitting in 44 consecutive games. 1986 - John McEnroe and Tatum O'Neal were married. 1986 - Bert Blyleven (Minnesota Twins) became only the 10th pitcher to strike out 3,000 batters in his career. 1988 - Martin Scorsese's "The Last Temptation of Christ" opened. 1993 - Reggie Jackson was admitted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, NY. 1995 - Westinghouse Electric Corporation announced a deal to buy CBS for $5.4 billion. 1998 - The U.S. books and music chain Borders opens its first European outlet with a 40,000-square-foot store on London's Oxford Street. 2006 - Cuban leader Fidel Castro turned over absolute power when he gave his brother Raul authority while he underwent an intestinal surgery.
1790 The first U.S. census was completed, showing a population of 3,929,214 people. 1876 Colorado became the 38th state in the United States. 1936 Adolf Hitler presided over the opening of the Berlin Olympic Games. 1946 President Truman signed the congressional acts that established the Atomic Energy Commission and the Fulbright Scholarship program. 1981 MTV made its debut at 12:01 AM. The first video shown was Video Killed the Radio Star by the Buggles.
The following links are to web sites that were used to complete this blog entry:
http://www.historyorb.com/today/events.php
http://on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/aug01.htm
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history
http://www.infoplease.com/dayinhistory
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