Once again, it should be reiterated, that this does not pretend to be a very extensive history of what happened on this day (nor is it the most original - the links can be found down below). If you know something that I am missing, by all means, shoot me an email or leave a comment, and let me know!
Aug 4, 1944: Anne Frank captured
Acting on tip from a Dutch informer, the Nazi Gestapo captures 15-year-old Jewish diarist Anne Frank and her family in a sealed-off area of an Amsterdam warehouse. The Franks had taken shelter there in 1942 out of fear of deportation to a Nazi concentration camp. They occupied the small space with another Jewish family and a single Jewish man, and were aided by Christian friends, who brought them food and supplies. Anne spent much of her time in the "secret annex" working on her diary. The diary survived the war, overlooked by the Gestapo that discovered the hiding place, but Anne and nearly all of the others perished in the Nazi death camps.
Annelies Marie Frank was born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, on June 12, 1929. She was the second daughter of Otto Frank and Edith Frank-Hollander, both of Jewish families that had lived in Germany for centuries. With the rise of Nazi leader Adolf Hitler in 1933, Otto moved his family to Amsterdam to escape the escalating Nazi persecution of Jews. In Holland, he ran a successful spice and jam business. Anne attended a Montessori school with other middle-class Dutch children, but with the German invasion of the Netherlands in 1940 she was forced to transfer to a Jewish school. In 1942, Otto began arranging a hiding place in an annex of his warehouse on the Prinsengracht Canal in Amsterdam.
On her 13th birthday in 1942, Anne began a diary relating her everyday experiences, her relationship with her family and friends, and observations about the increasingly dangerous world around her. Less than a month later, Anne's older sister, Margot, received a call-up notice to report to a Nazi "work camp." Fearing deportation to a Nazi concentration camp, the Frank family took shelter in the secret annex the next day. One week later, they were joined by Otto Frank's business partner and his family. In November, a Jewish dentist—the eighth occupant of the hiding place—joined the group.
For two years, Anne kept a diary about her life in hiding that is marked with poignancy, humor, and insight. The entrance to the secret annex was hidden by a hinged bookcase, and former employees of Otto and other Dutch friends delivered them food and supplies procured at high risk. Anne and the others lived in rooms with blacked-out windows, and never flushed the toilet during the day out of fear that their presence would be detected. In June 1944, Anne's spirits were raised by the Allied landing at Normandy, and she was hopeful that the long-awaited liberation of Holland would soon begin.
On August 1, 1944, Anne made her last entry in her diary. Three days later, 25 months of seclusion ended with the arrival of the Nazi Gestapo. Anne and the others had been given away by an unknown informer, and they were arrested along with two of the Christians who had helped shelter them. They were sent to a concentration camp in Holland, and in September Anne and most of the others were shipped to the Auschwitz death camp in Poland. In the fall of 1944, with the Soviet liberation of Poland underway, Anne was moved with her sister Margot to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Germany. Suffering under the deplorable conditions of the camp, the two sisters caught typhus and died in early March 1945. The camp was liberated by the British less than two months later.
Otto Frank was the only one of the 10 to survive the Nazi death camps. After the war, he returned to Amsterdam via Russia, and was reunited with Miep Gies, one of his former employees who had helped shelter him. She handed him Anne's diary, which she had found undisturbed after the Nazi raid. In 1947, Anne's diary was published by Otto in its original Dutch as Diary of a Young Girl. An instant best-seller and eventually translated into more than 50 languages, The Diary of Anne Frank has served as a literary testament to the nearly six million Jews, including Anne herself, who were silenced in the Holocaust.
The Frank family's hideaway at Prinsengracht 263 in Amsterdam opened as a museum in 1960. A new English translation of Anne's diary in 1995 restored material that had been edited out of the original version, making the work nearly a third longer.
This date also marks an important anniversary in the life of George Washington:
Aug 4, 1753: Washington becomes Master Mason
George Washington, a young Virginia planter, becomes a Master Mason, the highest basic rank in the secret fraternity of Freemasonry. The ceremony was held at the Masonic Lodge No. 4 in Fredericksburg, Virginia. Washington was 21 years old and would soon command his first military operation as a major in the Virginia colonial militia.
Freemasonry evolved from the practices and rituals of the stonemasons' guilds in the Middle Ages. With the decline of European cathedral building, "lodges" decided to admit non-stonemasons to maintain membership, and the secret fraternal order grew in popularity in Europe. In 1717, the first Grand Lodge, an association of lodges, was founded in England, and Freemasonry was soon disseminated throughout the British Empire. The first American Mason lodge was established in Philadelphia in 1730, and future revolutionary leader Benjamin Franklin was a founding member.
There is no central Masonic authority, and Freemasons are governed locally by the order's many customs and rites. Members trace the origins of Masonry back to the erecting of King Solomon's Temple in biblical times and are expected to believe in the "Supreme Being," follow specific religious rites, and maintain a vow of secrecy concerning the order's ceremonies. The Masons of the 18th century adhered to liberal democratic principles that included religious toleration, loyalty to local government, and the importance of charity. From its inception, Freemasonry encountered considerable opposition from organized religion, especially from the Roman Catholic Church.
For George Washington, joining the Masons was a rite of passage and an expression of his civic responsibility. After becoming a Master Mason, Washington had the option of passing through a series of additional rites that would take him to higher "degrees." In 1788, shortly before becoming the first president of the United States, Washington was elected the first Worshipful Master of Alexandria Lodge No. 22.
Many other leaders of the American Revolution, including Paul Revere, John Hancock, the Marquis de Lafayette, and the Boston Tea Party saboteurs, were also Freemasons, and Masonic rites were witnessed at such events as Washington's presidential inauguration and the laying of the cornerstone of the U.S. Capitol building in Washington, D.C.--a city supposedly designed with Masonic symbols in mind. Masonic symbols, approved by Washington in the design of the Great Seal of the United States, can be seen on the one-dollar bill. The All-Seeing Eye above an unfinished pyramid is unmistakably Masonic, and the scroll beneath, which proclaims the advent of a "New Secular Order" in Latin, is one of Freemasonry's long-standing goals. The Great Seal appeared on the dollar bill during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, also a Mason.
Freemasonry has continued to be important in U.S. politics, and at least 15 presidents, five Supreme Court chief justices, and numerous members of Congress have been Masons. Presidents known to be Masons include Washington, James Monroe, Andrew Jackson, James Polk, James Buchanan, Andrew Johnson, James Garfield, William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Warren Harding, Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman, Lyndon Johnson, and Gerald Ford. Today there are an estimated two million Masons in the United States, but the exact membership figure is one of the society's many secrets.
Aug 4, 1873: Custer and 7th Cavalry attacked by Indians
While protecting a railroad survey party in Montana, Custer and his 7th Cavalry clash for the first time with the Sioux Indians, who will defeat them three years later at Little Big Horn.
During the previous two years, Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer and his 7th Cavalry had not fought a single battle against the hostile Indians of the western Plains. Hungry for action, Custer was pleased when the 7th Cavalry was ordered to help protect a party of surveyors laying out the route for the proposed Northern Pacific Railroad. The new transcontinental railroad (the third in the United States) was to pass through territory controlled by hostile Sioux Indians. Custer was optimistic that the assignment would give him a chance to improve his reputation as an Indian fighter.
Initially, the military escort saw little action. The hostile Indians seemed to be avoiding or ignoring the survey party. For Custer, the mission turned into something of a lark. He spent much of his time shooting buffalo, antelope, elk, and other animals. To find good hunting, he often led the 7th Cavalry far away from the survey party and the main body of the military escort.
On this day in 1873, Custer was far ahead of the rest of the force, camping along the Tongue River in southeastern Montana. Suddenly, a large band of Sioux warriors appeared on the horizon and attacked. The Indians were led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull, but the young braves seemed to have attacked impetuously and with little planning. Custer, who had been taking an afternoon nap, reacted quickly and mounted an effective defense. After a brief skirmish, the Indians withdrew.
Since only one soldier and one Indian were killed in the skirmish, Custer's short battle along the Tongue River seemed relatively insignificant at the time. However, Custer's easy escape in his first encounter with Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse may have given him a dangerously scornful view of their fighting abilities. It helped to confirm his belief that the Plains warriors tended to flee rather than fight. As a result, when Custer again encountered Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse at the Little Big Horn River three years later, his greatest fear was that they would withdraw before he could attack, and he rushed in without proper reconnaissance. That time, though, the Indians stood and fought, leaving Custer and more than 200 of his men dead.
Supernova was seen in Cassiopia. During the War of Spanish Succession, the English and the Dutch occupy Gibraltar. Freedom of the press was established in the American colonies. George Washington became a Master Mason. The feudal system was abolished in France on this day in history, in the early days of the French Revolution. This marks the anniversary of Custer's Last Stand, before 200 American soldiers were killed by Sioux warriors. Germany declared war on Belgium and, in turn, Britain then declared war on Germany, while the United States maintained it's neutrality. Anne Frank was captured. The bodies of three civil rights workers were discovered. Jimmy Carter signed the Department of Energy into existence. A revolution broke out in Burkina Faso. OPEC reduced oil production by 20%. In 1996, the South Africa got it's first ever gold medal won by a black man, and twelve years later for South Africa, Oscar Pistorius became the first amputee to compete in the Olympics.
Here's a more detailed look at events that transpired on this date throughout history:
1181 - Supernova seen in Cassiopia
1265 - Battle at Evesham: English prince Edward beats Simon de Montfort the younger
1347 - English troops conquer Ft Calais
1351 - Sea battle at Zwartewaal: Willem V beats Hoeksen & English
1558 - 1st printing of Zohar (Jewish Kabbalah)
1578 - Battle of Alcazarquivir, Moroccans defeat Portuguese, 10,000 killed
1598 - London's head office of Hanze closed
1636 - Johan Mauritius appointed governor of Dutch Brazil
1666 - Hurricane hits Guadeloupe, Martinique & St Christopher; thousands die
1666 - Sea battle between Netherlands & England
1693 - Date traditionally ascribed to Dom Perignon's invention of Champagne
1695 - French garrison of surrenders to Willem III
1704 - War of Spanish Succession, English & Dutch troops occupy Gibraltar
1730 - Crown prince Frederick of Prussia escapes to England
1735 - Freedom of the press was established after a jury acquittal of John Peter Zenger, who had been defended by Andrew Hamilton.The writer of the New York Weekly Journal had been charged with seditious libel by the royal governor of New York. The jury said that "the truth is not libelous."
1753 - George Washington became a Master Mason.
1777 - Retired British cavalry officer Philip Astley establishes 1st circus
1789 - French National Meeting ending feudal system
1790 - The Revenue Cutter Service was formed. This U.S. naval task force was the beginning of the U.S. Coast Guard.
1791 - The Treaty of Sistova is signed, ending the Ottoman-Habsburg wars.
1821 - "The Saturday Evening Post" was published for the first time as a weekly. It would run until 1969.
1824 - Battle of Kos is fought between Turks and Greeks.
1830 - Plans for city of Chicago laid out
1854 - The Hinomaru is established as the official flag to be flown from Japanese ships.
1855 - John Bartlett publishes "Familiar Quotations"
1862 - US government collects its 1st income tax
1864 - Land & naval action new Brazos Santiago, Texas
1870 - British Red Cross Society forms
1873 - Indian Wars: whilst protecting a railroad survey party in Montana, the United States 7th Cavalry, under Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer, clashes for the first time with the Sioux (near the Tongue River; only one man on each side is killed).
1879 - Pope Leo XIII publishes encyclical Aeterni Patris
1881 - 122°F (50°C), Seville, Spain (European record)
1884 Thomas Stevens became the first person to bicycle across the United States. He later bicycled around the world.
1886 - Colombia adopts constitution
1892 - Queen Wilhelmina & Emma open Merwede Canal between Amsterdam-Rhine
1892 - Sunday school teacher Lizzie Borden arrested after
1897 - Henry A Rucker appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for Georgia
1902 - The Greenwich foot tunnel under the River Thames opens.
1903 - Cardinal Giuseppe Sarto of Venice elected Pope Pius X
1909 - Ump Tim Hurst instigates a riot by spitting at A's 2nd baseman Eddie Collins, who had questioned a call, this leads to Hurst's banishment
1910 - A's Jack Coombs & White Sox Ed Walsh pitch a 16 inn scoreless tie
1914 - German army shoots Belgian priests/burns down village of Battice
1914 - German fleet under admiral Souchon fire on Algerian coast
1914 - Germany invaded Belgium and, in response, Britain declared war on Germany.
1914 - The U.S. proclaimed its neutrality in the emerging "Great War".
1914 - King Albert I becomes supreme commander of Belgian army
1914 - Lord Kitchener becomes British minister of War
1916 - Denmark ceded the Danish West Indies, including the Danish Virgin Islands, to the United States for 25 million.
1917 - Pravda calls for killing all capitalists, priests & officers
1921 - The first radio broadcast of a tennis match occurred. It was in Pittsburgh, PA.
1922 - The death of Alexander Graham Bell, two days earlier, was recognized by AT&T and the Bell Systems by shutting down all of its switchboards and switching stations. The shutdown affected 13 million phones.
1922 - Female 1st baseman Lizzie Murphy plays on AL all-star team
1925 - 1st Dutch Colijn government forms
1925 - US marines leave Nicaragua after 13-year occupation
1929 - 60,000 SA'ers/SS'ers march by Munich
1929 - Indians, in 9th with 2 outs score 9 to beat Yanks 14-6
1929 - Jones Beach in NY opens
1930 - Child labor laws estralished in Belgium
1934 - Mel Ott became the first major league baseball player to score six runs in a single game, as the NY Giants defeat the Philadelphia Phillies, 21-4. .
1936 - Ioannis Metaxas names himself dictator of Greece
1941 - Dodger Mickey Owens is 1st to catch 3 foul flies in an inning (3rd)
1941 - Winston Churchill departs on Prince of Wales to US
1942 - 1st train with Jews departs Mechelen Belgium to Auschwitz
1942 - British premier Winston Churchill arrives in Cairo
1942 - Col-gen Jeremenko arrives in Stalingrad/welcomed by Nikita Khrushchev
1942 - German occupier orders all Dutch homing pigeons killed
1943 - British premier Churchill travels on the Queen Mary to Canada
1943 - Russian units reach suburbs of Orel
1943 - USAF bombs Germans in Troina
1944 - Anne Frank arrested in Amsterdam by German Security Police (Grüne Polizei) following a tip-off from an informer who was never identified
1944 - British 8th army reaches suburbs of Florence Italy
1945 - Golfer Byron Nelson records most tournament wins (18) in a season
1945 - Red Sox Tom McBride is 3rd to get 6 RBIs in an inning (4th)
1946 - 1946 Dominican Republic earthquake: an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 hits northern Dominican Republic. 100 are killed and 20,000 are left homeless.
1947 - The Supreme Court of Japan is established.
1948 - 5 day Southern States filibuster succeeds in maintaining America's poll tax
1949 - NBL & NBAA merge into National Basketball Association
1953 - Black families move into Trumbull Park housing project in Chicago
1953 - Vic Raschi sets pitcher record by driving in 7 runs & wins 15-0
1954 - Boscombe Down 1st flight of supersonic P-1 Lightning
1954 - The Government of Pakistan approves the National Anthem, written by Hafeez Jullundhry and composed by Ahmed G. Chagla.
1954 - The uranium rush began in Saskatchewan, Canada.
1955 - Eisenhower authorizes $46 million for construction of CIA headquarters
1956 - 1st motorcycle rode over 200 mph (Wilhelm Herz-210 mph/338 kph)
1956 - Elvis Presley releases "Hound Dog"
1956 - Indonesia says it will not pay debts to the Netherlands
1956 - William Herz became the first person to race a motorcycle over 200 miles per hour. He was clocked at 210 mph.
1957 - Florence Chadwick set a world record by swimming the English Channel in 6 hours and 7 minutes. 1957 - Juan Fangio won his final auto race and captured the world auto driving championship. It was his the fifth consecutive year to win.
1958 - The first potato flake plant was completed in Grand Forks, ND.
1958 - Billboard Magazine introduced its "Hot 100" chart, which was part popularity and a barometer of the movement of potential hits. The first number one song was Ricky Nelson's "Poor Little Fool."
1958 - Dumont TV Network crumbles
1959 - "Billy Barnes Revue" opens at John Golden Theater NYC for 87 perfs
1960 - Rocket propelled USAAF research aircraft sets record at 2,150 MPH
1961 - 108°F, Spokane, WA
1961 - 28th NFL Chicago All-Star Game: Philadelphia 28, All-Stars 14 (66,000)
1962 - Nelson Mandela captured by South African police
1963 - Kathy Whitworth wins LPGA Milwaukee Jaycee Golf Open
1964 - The bodies of three civil-rights workers were found six weeks into a federal investigation backed by President Johnson The bodies of Michael Schwerner, Andrew Goodman & James E Chaney, were discovered in an earthen Mississippi dam
1964 - North Vietnamese torpedos US ships Gulf of Tonkin
1965 - Cook Islands enters into free association with New Zealand
1967 - 34th NFL Chicago All-Star Game: Green Bay 27, All-Stars 0 (70,934)
1967 - British pirate radio station Radio 355 resigns air
1967 - Shortwave group ANARC's 1st convention (Chicago)
1967 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1967 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1968 - 100,000 attend Newport Pop Festival, Costa Mesa, Calif
1968 - Kathy Whitworth wins LPGA Gino Paoli Golf Open
1968 - WXTV TV channel 41 in New York-Paterson, NY (UNI) begins broadcasting
1969 - Willie Stargell is 1st to hit a HR outside of Dodger Stadium
1970 - Jim Morrison arrested for drunkenness
1971 - US launches 1st satellite into lunar orbit from manned spacecraft
1972 - Arthur Bremer was found guilty of shooting George Wallace, the governor of Alabama. Bremer was sentenced to 63 years in prison.
1974 - Crawford-Butler Act allows Puerto Ricans to elect own governor
1974 - Sandra Haynie wins LPGA George Washington Golf Classic
1975 - Robert Plant is involved in a car crash in Rhodes
1976 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1977 - U.S. President Jimmy Carter signed a Congressional measure that established the Department of Energy.
1977 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1979 - Italian government of Cossiga begins
1979 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1980 - -11] Hurricane Aline, kills 272 in Texas & Caribbean
1980 - John & Yoko begin recording "Double Fantasy"
1980 - Seattle Mariners replace manager Darrell Johnson with Maury Wills
1981 - Columbia mated with SRBs & external tank for STS-2 mission
1981 - Oliver North is assigned to White House duty
1982 - NY Met Joel Youngblood singles in Chicago day game, he is traded, then singles for Expos in Philadelphia night game
1983 - Bettino Craxi sworn in as premier of Italy
1983 - France performs nuclear test
1983 - Revolution in Burkina Faso
1983 - While warming up before 5th inning Yankee Dave Winfield accidentally kills a seagull
1983 - New York Yankee outfielder Dave Winfield threw a baseball during warm-ups and accidentally killed a seagull. After the game, Toronto police arrested him for "causing unnecessary suffering to an animal." 1984 - Carl Lewis won a gold medal in the 100-metre dash at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics.
1984 - Upper Volta, an African republic, changed its name to Burkina Faso.
1984 - Cliff Johnson sets a record with his 19th pinch hit HR
1984 - Prince's "Purple Rain," album goes to #1 & stays #1 for 24 weeks
1984 - Republic of Upper Volta becomes Bourkina Faso (National Day)
1985 - "Dreamgirls" closes at Imperial Theater NYC after 1522 performances
1985 - Penny Hammel wins LPGA Jamie Farr Toledo Golf Classic
1985 - Phil Rizzuto Day, Yanks retire #10
1985 - Rod Carew, is 16th to get 3,000 hits
1985 - Tom Seaver of the Chicago White Soxbecame the 17th player to earn his 300th victory, beating the Yankees to do it.
1985 - Rod Carew of the California angels got his 3,000th major league hit.
1986 - The United States Football League called off its 1986 season. This was after winning only token damages in its antitrust lawsuit against the National Football League.
1986 - OPEC lowers oil production 20%
1987 - At the Kingdome, Ruppert Jones hits a foul ball that sticks in speaker
1987 - FCC vote 4-0 to rescind fairness doctrine for broadcasters
1987 - The Fairness Doctrine was rescinded by the Federal Communications Commission. The doctrine had required that radio and TV stations present controversial issues in a balanced fashion.
1987 - A new 22-cent U.S. stamp honoring noted author William Faulkner, went on sale in Oxford, MS. Faulkner had been fired as postmaster of that same post office in 1924.
1988 - Congress votes $20,000 to each Japanese-American interned in WW II
1988 - Hertz car rental will pay out $23 million in consumer fraud case
1989 - Iranian President Hashemi Rafsanjani offered to assist end the hostage crisis in Lebanon.
1989 - Blue Jays Dave Steib's perfect game broken up in 9th with 2 outs by NY Yankee Roberto Kelly
1990 - 95.5°F (35.3°C) in De Bilt Neth (highest Aug temp in Neth)
1990 - The European Community imposed an embargo on oil from Iraq and Kuwait. This was done to protest the Iraqi invasion of the oil-rich Kuwait.
1991 - The Oceanos, a Greek luxury liner, sank off of South Africa's southeast coast. All of the 402 passengers and 179 crewmembers survived.
1991 - 1st time Seattle Mariners are 9 games over .500
1991 - Deb Richard wins LPGA Phar-Mor in Youngstown Golf Tournament
1993 - Angolese air force bombs Huambo
1993 - Rwandian Hutu's & Tutsi's sign peace treaty in Arusha
1993 - Tony Gwynn gets 6 hits, 4th time in 1993 a Padre gets 5 or more hits
1994 - Dwingeloo 1, near milky way system, discovered
1994 - Howard Stern drops out of NY gubernatorial race
1994 - Truck carrying millions of bees overturns on NY parkway
1994 - Yugoslavia withdrew its support for Bosnian Serbs. The border between Yugoslavia and Serb-held Bosnia was sealed.
1995 - Darryl Strawberry joins the NY Yankees
1995 - Operation Storm begins in Croatia.
1996 - 24th du Maurier Golf Classic: Laura Davies
1996 - 26th Olympic games close at Atlanta, Georgia (sched)
1996 - J Bunning, E Weaver, B Foster, & N Hanlon inducted in Hall of Fame
1996 - Josia Thugwane won a gold medal after finishing first in the marathon. He became the first black South African to win a gold medal.
1997 - Teamsters began a 15-day strike against UPS (United Parcel Service). The strikers eventually won an increase in full-time positions and defeated a proposed reorganization of the company's pension plan.
1997 - "Keenan Ivory Wayan Show," premieres on Fox TV
1997 - 185,000 Teamsters union United Parcel Service drivers walk off the job.
2002 - Soham murders: 10 year old school girls Jessica Chapman and Holly Wells go missing from the town of Soham, Cambridgeshire.
2005 - Prime Minister Paul Martin announces that Michaëlle Jean will be Canada's 27th — and first black — Governor General.
2006 - Dame Silvia Cartwright steps down as the Governor-General of New Zealand and is replaced by The Honourable Anand Satyanand, who is sworn in on 23 August.
2007 - NASA's Phoenix spaceship is launched.
2009 - North Korean leader Kim Jong-il pardoned two American journalists, who had been arrested and imprisoned for illegal entry earlier in the year.
2010 - California's Proposition 8, the ballot initiative prohibiting same-sex marriage passed by the state's voters in 2008, was overturned by Judge Vaughn Walker in the case Perry v. Schwarzenegger.
2012 - 45 people are killed by a suicide bombing in Abyan, Yemen
2012 - South African Oscar Pistorius becomes first amputee to compete at the Olympics
The following links are to web sites that were used to complete this blog entry:
http://on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/aug04.htm
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