http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history
Sep 7, 1977: Carter agrees to transfer Panama Canal to Panama
On this day in 1977, President Jimmy Carter signs a treaty that will give Panama control over the Panama Canal beginning in the year 2000. The treaty ended an agreement signed in 1904 between then-President Theodore Roosevelt and Panama, which gave the U.S. the right to build the canal and a renewable lease to control five miles of land along either side of it.
The desire for a shorter route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans had a long history, beginning with the Spanish explorers of the 16th century. Before the canal was built, ships were required to travel around the treacherous Cape Horn of South America, a journey that frequently resulted in great loss of life and cargo. From 1869 to 1877, U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant authorized no less than seven feasibility studies of a canal across the thin Panamanian isthmus. In 1881, a French consortium of investors hired Suez Canal designer Ferdinand deLesseps to build a canal through Panama. The French project was called off in 1888, however, after workers died by the thousands from disease and construction accidents.
In 1904, building a canal across Panama became a pet project of President Theodore Roosevelt; the effort was led by American engineer John Stevens. Although death from jungle diseases decreased with the implementation of an improved sanitation system, designed by Dr. William Gorgas, the project dragged on so long that Stevens quit in despair. In November 1906, in an attempt to boost flagging morale and dwindling Congressional support for the project, Roosevelt visited and posed for photographs at the site, sitting at the controls of an enormous earth-moving tractor.
In 1914, after 10 years, Roosevelt's perseverance paid off; the 51-mile-long canal opened on August 15. The engineer who took over for Stevens quipped at the opening of the canal that "the real builder of the Panama Canal was Theodore Roosevelt." The canal facilitated increased passenger travel and cargo shipments between nations around the world and U.S. control over the canal helped guarantee America's status as an international power.
Transfer of ownership of the Panama Canal occurred peacefully as planned on December 31, 1999.
Sep 7, 1776: World's first submarine attack
On this day in 1776, during the Revolutionary War, the American submersible craft Turtle attempts to attach a time bomb to the hull of British Admiral Richard Howe's flagship Eagle in New York Harbor. It was the first use of a submarine in warfare.
Submarines were first built by Dutch inventor Cornelius van Drebel in the early 17th century, but it was not until 150 years later that they were first used in naval combat. David Bushnell, an American inventor, began building underwater mines while a student at Yale University. Deciding that a submarine would be the best means of delivering his mines in warfare, he built an eight-foot-long wooden submersible that was christened the Turtle for its shape. Large enough to accommodate one operator, the submarine was entirely hand-powered. Lead ballast kept the craft balanced.
Donated to the Patriot cause after the outbreak of war with Britain in 1775, Ezra Lee piloted the craft unnoticed out to the 64-gun HMS Eagle in New York Harbor on September 7, 1776. As Lee worked to anchor a time bomb to the hull, he could see British seamen on the deck above, but they failed to notice the strange craft below the surface. Lee had almost secured the bomb when his boring tools failed to penetrate a layer of iron sheathing. He retreated, and the bomb exploded nearby, causing no harm to either the Eagle or the Turtle.
During the next week, the Turtle made several more attempts to sink British ships on the Hudson River, but each time it failed, owing to the operator's lack of skill. Only Bushnell was really able to competently execute the submarine's complicated functions, but because of his physical frailty he was unable to pilot the Turtle in any of its combat missions. During the Battle of Fort Lee, the Turtle was lost when the American sloop transporting it was sunk by the British.
Despite the failures of the Turtle, General George Washington gave Bushnell a commission as an Army engineer, and the drifting mines he constructed destroyed the British frigate Cereberus and wreaked havoc against other British ships. After the war, he became commander of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers stationed at West Point
It is possible that this date marks the birth of Heracles (this was spelled Hercules when I was growing up) during a solar eclipse back in 1251 BC, at Thebes in ancient Greece. Richard I of England defeated Saladin during the Third Crusade. This marks the anniversary of the Treaty of Baden, which ended the War of Spanish Succession. The first submarine attack in history took place on this date with Americans using the "Turtle" to attack British ships, during the American Revolutionary War in 1776. Pedro I declared independence for Brazil from Portugal on this day in 1822. Eugene Lefebvre, a French pilot testing one of the Wright model planes, officially became the first pilot to lose his life due to a plane crash back on this day in 1909 when his controls got stuck. Interpol formed on this day in 1923 in Vienna. This marks the anniversary of a battle between Hindus and Muslims in New Delhi in 1947. Monasteries were shut down on this date in 1950 in Hungary. The Pro Football Hall of Fame (American football) was dedicated on this day in 1963. Rod Laver clinched his second ever calendar Grand Slam (winning all four Grand Slam tournaments) when he won the US Open on this day in 1969. This date marks the anniversary of President Jimmy Carter signing a treaty promising to give the Panama Canal back to the Panamanians themselves, back in 1977. Today in 1979 marks the first day in the 5-day MUSE concert at Madison Square Garden, protesting nuclear power. On this day in 1993, Brazil voted over importing monarchy. The US government took over Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac on this day, during the financial crisis in 2008.
Here's a more detailed look at events that transpired on this date throughout history:
1251 BC - A solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes, Greece.
70 - Roman army under Titus occupies & plunders Jerusalem
1159 - Ottaviano de Montecello elected as anti-Pope
1191 - Third Crusade: Battle of Arsuf - Richard I of England defeats Saladin at Arsuf.
1497 - Sailor Perkin Warbeck becomes English King Richard IV
1525 - Trial against "heretic" John Pistorius ends in the Hague
1543 - Duke Willem of Gulik surrenders to emperor Charles V
1596 - Dutch fleet bombs Banten Java
1599 - Earl van Essex & Irish rebel Tyrone signs treaty
1652 - Battle of Monte Christo: Dutch fleet under J van Galen beat English
1701 - Germany, England and Netherlands sign anti-French covenant
1714 - Treaty of Baden: Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and France, ends War of Spanish Succession, French retain Alsace, Austria gets bank of Rhine
1800 - Zion AME Church dedicated (NYC)
1812 - Battle at Borodino: Napoleon-Kutuzov
1813 - "Uncle Sam" was 1st used to refer to US (Troy Post of NY)
1818 - Carl III of Sweden-Norway is crowned king of Norway, in Trondheim.
1822 - Pedro I, son of King Joao VI declares Brazil's independence from Portugal (National Day)
1860 - Excursion steamer "Lady Elgin" drowns 340 in Lake Michigan
1863 - Federal naval expedition arrives off Sabine Pass
1871 - Bay of Biskaje: English warship HMS Captain fired on, 500 killed
1876 - Bank robbery by James/Younger fails (Cole/Bob/Jim Younger arrested)
1880 - Geo Ligowsky patents device to throw clay pigeons for trapshooters
1888 - Edith Eleanor McLean is 1st baby place in an incubator
1889 - Start of Sherlock Holmes "Adventure of Engineer's Thumb" (BG)
1891 - Captain Frederick Lugards army reaches Kavalli Equatoria
1892 - James Corbett KOs John Sullivan in 21 for heavyweight boxing title
1896 - A H Whiting wins 1st automobile race held on a closed-circuit track in Cranston, RI
1897 - George Davis (Giants) HR off Sport McAllister (Spiders) in DH
1901 - Peace of Peking - Ends Boxer Rebellion in China
1903 - Federation of American Motorcyclists organized in NY
1906 - Alberto Santos-Dumont flies his 14-bis aircraft at Bagatelle, France for the first time successfully.
1907 - Sutro's ornate Cliff House in SF destroyed by fire
1909 - Eugene Lefebvre (1878-1909), while test piloting a new French-built Wright biplane, crashes at Juvisy France when his controls jam. Lefebvre dies, becoming the first 'pilot' in the world to lose his life in a powered heavier-than-air craft.
1912 - Eddie Collins steals record 6 bases in 9-7 Athletics win over Detroit
1914 - NY Post Office Building opens to public
1915 - 35th US Mens Tennis: Wm Johnston beats M E McLoughlin (16 60 75 108)
1915 - John Gruelle patents his Raggedy Ann doll
1915 - St Louis Dave Davenport no-hits Chicago (Federal League), 3-0
1916 - Giants beat Brooklyn 4-1, to launch NY's record 26-game winning streak
1916 - Workmen's Compensation Act passed by Congress
1921 - In Atlantic City, New Jersey, the first Miss America Pageant, a two-day event, is held.
1922 - In Aydin, Turkey, independence of Aydin, from Greek occupation.
1923 - Boston Red Sox Howard Ehmke no-hits Phila A's, 4-0
1923 - Interpol forms in Vienna
1923 - Mary Katherine Campbell (Ohio), 16, crowned 2nd Miss America 1922-23
1927 - Philo Farnsworth demonstrates 1st use of TV in SF
1927 - The University of Minas Gerais is founded in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, by GovernorAntônio Carlos.
1928 - Sophie Treadwell's "Machinal," premieres in NYC
1932 - Earl Grace, ends NL catcher record streak of 110 cons errorless games
1934 - Luxury liner "Morro Castle" burns off NJ, killing 134
1936 - Boulder Dam (now Hoover Dam) begins operation
1936 - The last surviving member of the thylacine species, Benjamin, dies alone in her cage at the Hobart Zoo in Tasmania.
1939 - Radio NY Worldwide-WRUL begins radio transmission
1940 - 54th US Womens Tennis: Alice Marble beats Helen Hull Jacobs (62 63)
1940 - 60th US Mens Tennis: McNeill beats Robert Riggs (46 68 63 63 75)
1940 - German Air Force blitz London for 1st of 57 consecutive nights
1940 - Luftwaffe loses 41 bombers above England
1940 - Treaty of Craiova: Romania loses Southern Dobrudja to Bulgaria.
1941 - 61st US Mens Tennis: R L Riggs beats Francis Kovacs (2d 57 61 63 63)
1942 - 62nd US Mens Tennis: F Schroeder Jr beats F Parker (86 75 36 46 62)
1942 - German occupiers take silver anniversary coins in battle
1942 - Transport nr 29 departs with French Jews to Nazi Germany
1942 - First flight of the Consolidated B-32 Dominator.
1943 - 987 Dutch Jewish transported to Auschwitz Concentration Camp
1943 - Fire in decrepit old Gulf Hotel kills 45 (Houston Texas)
1944 - SS-general Kurt Meyer takes Durnal Belgium
1944 - Strongest Hurricane of century in Netherlands (wind force 12)
1945 - Japanese at Rioekioe-islands surrender
1945 - Joe Kuhel hits inside-the-park HR, only HR hit by a Senator all season at Washington's Griffith Stadium
1947 - Battles between Hindus and Moslems in New Delhi
1948 - 1st use of synthetic rubber in asphaltic concrete, Akron Oh
1950 - Monasteries shut down in Hungary
1952 - 66th US Womens Tennis: Maureen Connolly beats Doris Hart (63 75)
1952 - 72nd US Mens Tennis: Frank Sedgman beats Gardnar Mulloy (61 62 63)
1952 - Betsy Rawls wins LPGA Carrollton Golf Tournament
1952 - General Naguib forms Egyptian government/becomes premier
1952 - Outfielder Don Grate throws a baseball a record 434'1" (Tenn)
1952 - Whitey Ford becomes 5th pitcher to hurl consecutive 1 hitters
1952 - NY Yankees Johnny Mize's pinch-hit grand slam gives Yanks a 5-1 win at Washington He has now HRed in all 15 major league parks
1953 - 67th US Womens Tennis: Maureen Connolly beats Doris Hart (62 64)
1953 - 73rd US Mens Tennis: Tony Trabert beats Elias V Seixas Jr (63 62 63)
1953 - Roy Campanella sets catcher record of 125 (en route to 142) RBIs
1954 - Integration begins in Wash DC & Balt MD public schools
1955 - Yankees Whitey Ford is 5th to throw consecutive 1-hitters, beats A's
1956 - Bell X-2 sets Unofficial manned aircraft altitude record 126,000'+
1957 - 71st US Womens Tennis: Althea Gibson beats A Louise Brough (63 62)
1957 - WWL TV channel 4 in New Orleans, LA (CBS) begins broadcasting
1958 - 72nd US Womens Tennis: Althea Gibson beats Darlene R Hard (36 61 62)
1958 - 78th US Mens Tennis: A J Cooper beats M J Anderson (62 36 46 108 86)
1960 - Ljudmila Shevcova runs female olympic record 800m (2:04.3)
1963 - American Bandstand moves to California, & airs once a week on Saturday
1963 - Pro Football Hall of Fame dedicated in Canton Ohio
1964 - Betsy Rawls wins LPGA Valhalla Golf Open
1965 - -10] Hurricane Betsy, kills 74 in Florida, Miss & La
1965 - China announces that it will reinforce its troops in the Indian border.
1966 - KTNE TV channel 13 in Alliance, NB (PBS) begins broadcasting
1966 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1969 - 83rd US Womens Tennis: Margaret Smith Court beats Nancy Richey (62 62)
1969 - Carol Mann wins LPGA Molson's Canadian Golf Open
1969 - Rod Laver completes his 2nd grand slam winning US Tennis Open
1969 - US amateur Womens Tennis: Margaret Court beat Virginia Wade (46 63 60)
1970 - Jerry Lewis' 5th Muscular Dystrophy telethon
1970 - PLO hijacks 4 planes
1970 - White Sox use record 41 players in doubleheader & lose both games
1970 - Donald Boyles sets record for highest parachute jump from a bridge, by leaping off of 1,053' Royal George Bridge in Colorado
1970 - Fighting between Arabic guerillas and government forces in Amman, Jordan.
1973 - Jackie Stewart becomes Formula 1 world champion
1973 - Mike Storen becomes American Basketball Association's 4th commissioner
1974 - "Irene" closes at Minskoff Theater NYC after 605 performances
1974 - Shirley Cothran (Texas), 21, crowned 47th Miss America 1975
1975 - 95th US Mens Tennis: Manuel Orantes beats Jimmy Connors (64 63 63)
1975 - Carol Mann wins LPGA Dallas Civitan Golf Open
1975 - Cincinnati Reds, win earliest NL division title
1975 - Last day of 1st-class cricket for Hanif Mohammad
1975 - Manuel Orantes upsets #1 seed Jimmy Connors to win US Open
1976 - US courts find George Harrison guilty of plagiarism (He's So Fine)
1977 - Ethiopia drops diplomatic relations with Somalia
1977 - Pres Carter and Gen Herrera sign Panama Canal treaties
1978 - 1st game of Boston Massacre, Yanks beat Red Sox 15-3
1979 - 5 day MUSE concert against nuclear energy opens at Madison Square Garden, NY
1979 - The Entertainment and Sports Programming Network (ESPN) makes its debut.
1980 - 32nd Emmy Awards shown despite boycott
1980 - 32nd Emmy Awards: Taxi, Lou Grant, Ed Asner & Barbara Bel Geddes
1980 - Beth Daniel wins LPGA World Series of Women's Golf
1980 - Cape Verde adopts its constitution
1980 - Earnest Gray becomes 2nd NY Giant to score 4 TDs (vs St Louis)
1980 - Oakland A's pitch record 78th complete game of season
1980 - Sandra Spuzich wins LPGA Barth Golf Classic
1980 - John McEnroe & Bjorn Borg stage one of the greatest US Open finals as 21 year old McEnroe fends off Borg to win his 2nd straight title (76 61 67 57 64)
1981 - Cleveland Browns' Brian Sipe sets club record with 57 pass attempts
1981 - Jerry Lewis' 16th Muscular Dystrophy telethon raises $31,500,000
1981 - Joanne Carner wins LPGA Rail Charity Golf Classic
1981 - Judge Wapner & People's Court premier on TV
1981 - West Tampa Fl defeats Rich Va, 6-4 to win American Legion World Series
Tennis Player John McEnroeTennis Player John McEnroe 1983 - Drury Gallagher sets fastest swim around Manhattan (6h41m35s)
1984 - Met Dwight Gooden's 11 strikeouts gives him NL rookie record 236
1985 - 99th US Womens Tennis: Hana Mandlikova beats M Navratilova (76 16 76)
1985 - Mary Decker Tabb Slaney runs US 3K female record (8:25.83)
1986 - 100th US Womens Tennis: M Navratilova beats Helena Sukova (63 62)
1986 - 106th US Mens Tennis: Ivan Lendl beats Miloslav Mecir (64 62 60)
1986 - Ayako Okamoto wins LPGA Cellular One-Ping Golf Championship
1986 - Desmond Tutu becomes Anglican archbishop of Capetown
1986 - Failed assassination attempt on Chilean dictator Pinochet, 5 killed
1986 - Ivan Lendl defeats Miloslav Mecir for US Tennis open title
1986 - Cleveland Browns becomes 1st team in NFL history to have a play reviewed by instant replay, Chicago 41, Browns 31
1987 - Jerry Lewis' 22nd Muscular Dystrophy telethon raises $39,021,723
1987 - Netherlands routes 2 minesweepers to Persian Gulf
1987 - Rosie Jones wins LPGA Rail Charity Golf Classic
1987 - South Africa frees Dutch anthropologist/Anc'er Klaas de Young
1988 - 5th MTV Awards
1988 - Guy Lafleur, Tony Esposito & Brad Park inducted in NHL Hall of Fame
1988 - NY Daily News reports boxer Mike Tyson is seeing a psychiatrist
1988 - Security & Exchange Comm accuses Drexel of violating security laws
1990 - "Street Scene" opens at NY State Theater NYC for 6 performances
1990 - Marjorie Judith Vincent (Ill), 25, crowned 64th Miss America 1991
1991 - 1st South African international competition in 25 years, gymnastics
1991 - Die Laughing wins Messenger Stakes
1991 - 105th US Womens Tennis Open: Monica Seles (17) defeats Martina Navratilova (34) (76 61)
1991 - Ty Detmer of Brigham Young passes NCAA record 11,606 yards
1992 - Army of Ciskei homeland kills 28 ANC demonstrators
1992 - Baseball commissioner Faye Vincent resigns
1992 - Nancy Lopez wins LPGA Rail Charity Golf Classic
1993 - Brazil votes over importing monarchy
1993 - Cards Mark Whiten, hits 4 HRs & 12 RBIs in 2nd game of doubleheader
1994 - Jingyi Le/Ying Shan/Ying Le/Bin Lu swimming 4x100 freestyle (3:37.91)
1995 - 12th MTV Awards
1995 - STS 69 (Endeavour 9), launches into orbit
1995 - Sen Bob Packwoord (R-Ore) resigns rather than face expulsion
1996 - Women's championship at US Tennis Open
1997 - 111th US Womens Tennis: Martina Hingis beats Venus Williams (60 64)
1997 - 117th US Mens Tennis: Patrick Rafter beats Greg Rusedski (63 62 46 75)
1997 - Boone Valley Senior Golf Classic
1997 - Emmy Creative Arts Award presentation
1997 - Men's championship at US Tennis Open, Australian Patrick Rafter wins his first Grand Slam event.
1997 - Steve Jones wins Canadian Golf Open with a 275
1997 - The first test flight of the F-22 Raptor takes place.
1998 - Jerry Lewis' 33rd Muscular Dystrophy telethon raises
1998 - Google is founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, two students at Stanford University
1999 - A 5.9 magnitude earthquake rocks Athens, rupturing a previously unknown fault, killing 143, injuring more than 500, and leaving 50,000 people homeless.
2004 - Hurricane Ivan, a Category 5 hurricane hitting Grenada, killing 39 and damaging 90% of its buildings.
2005 - First presidential election was held in Egypt.
2008 - The US Government takes control of the two largest largest mortgage financing companies in the US, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
2011 - Plane crash in Russia kills 43 people, including nearly the entire roster of the Lokomotiv Yaroslavl Kontinental Hockey League team
2012 - US drone attack kills 8 people in Kismayo, south Somalia
2012 - 64 people are killed and 715 injured after a series of earthquakes in south-west China
2012 - Canada closes its Iranian embassy and expels Iranian diplomatic staff out of Canada
1812 - Napoleon defeated the Russian army of Alexander I at the battle of Borodino. 1813 - The nickname "Uncle Sam" was first used as a symbolic reference to the United States. The reference appeared in an editorial in the New York's Troy Post. 1822 - Brazil declared its independence from Portugal. 1880 - George Ligowsky was granted a patent for his device that threw clay pigeons for trapshooters. 1888 - Edith Eleanor McLean became the first baby to be placed in an incubator. 1896 - A.H. Whiting won the first automobile race held on a racetrack. The race was held in Cranston, RI. 1901 - The Boxer Rebellion began in China ending the Peace of Beijing. 1921 - Margaret Gorman of Washington, DC, was crowned the first Miss America in Atlantic City, NJ. 1927 - Philo T. Farnsworth succeeded in transmitting an image through purely electronic means by using an image dissector. 1930 - The cartoon "Blondie" made its first appearance in the comic strips. 1940 - London received its initial rain of bombs from Nazi Germany during World War II. 1942 - During World War II, the Russian army counter attacked the German troops outside the city of Stalingrad. 1963 - The National Professional Football Hall of Fame was dedicated in Canton, OH. 1966 - The final episode of the original "The Dick Van Dyke Show" was aired on CBS-TV. 1971 - "The Beverly Hillbillies" was seen for the final time on CBS-TV. 1977 - The Panama Canal treaties were signed by U.S. President Carter and General Omar Torrijos Herrera. The treaties called for the U.S. to turn over control of the canal's waterway to Panama in the year 2000. 1979 - ESPN, the Entertainment and Sports Programming Network, made its debut on cable TV. 1983 - In Ireland, voters approved a constitutional ammendment that banned abortion. 1984 - American Express Co. issued the first of its Platinum charge cards. 1986 - Dan Marino of the Miami Dolphins threw his 100th career touchdown pass, in only his 44th NFL game, which set a NFL record. 1986 - President Augusto Pinochet survived an assassination attempt made by guerrillas. 1986 - Desmond Tutu was the first black to be installed to lead the Anglican Church in southern Africa. 1987 - Erich Honecker became the first East German head of state to visit West Germany. 1989 - Legislation was approved by the U.S. Senate that prohibited discrimination against the handicapped in employment, public accommodations, transportation and communications. 1995 - U.S. Senator Bob Packwood announced that he would resign after 27 years in the Senate. 1998 - Mark McGwire set a new major league baseball record for most homeruns hit in a single season. The previous record was 61 set in 1961. 1999 - Viacom Inc. announced that it had plans to buy CBS Corp. 2001 - Barry Bonds (San Francisco Giants) became the only the fifth player in major league baseball history to hit 60 home runs in a season. (California)
1822 Brazil declared its independence from Portugal. 1901 The Boxer Rebellion in China officially ended with the signing of the Peking Protocol (Peace of Beijing). 1940 Nazi Germany began its initial blitz on London during World War II. 1979 The Entertainment and Sports Programming Network (ESPN) made its debut on cable TV. 1986 Desmond Tutu became the first black to lead the Anglican Church in southern Africa.
The following links are to web sites that were used to complete this blog entry:
http://www.historyorb.com/today/events.php
http://on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/sep07.htm
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history
http://www.infoplease.com/dayinhistory
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