http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history
Nov 12, 1954: Ellis Island closes
On this day in 1954, Ellis Island, the gateway to America, shuts it doors after processing more than 12 million immigrants since opening in 1892. Today, an estimated 40 percent of all Americans can trace their roots through Ellis Island, located in New York Harbor off the New Jersey coast and named for merchant Samuel Ellis, who owned the land in the 1770s.
On January 2, 1892, 15-year-old Annie Moore, from Ireland, became the first person to pass through the newly opened Ellis Island, which President Benjamin Harrison designated as America's first federal immigration center in 1890. Before that time, the processing of immigrants had been handled by individual states.
Not all immigrants who sailed into New York had to go through Ellis Island. First- and second-class passengers submitted to a brief shipboard inspection and then disembarked at the piers in New York or New Jersey, where they passed through customs. People in third class, though, were transported to Ellis Island, where they underwent medical and legal inspections to ensure they didn't have a contagious disease or some condition that would make them a burden to the government. Only two percent of all immigrants were denied entrance into the U.S.
Immigration to Ellis Island peaked between 1892 and 1924, during which time the 3.3-acre island was enlarged with landfill (by the 1930s it reached its current 27.5-acre size) and additional buildings were constructed to handle the massive influx of immigrants. During the busiest year of operation, 1907, over 1 million people were processed at Ellis Island.
With America's entrance into World War I, immigration declined and Ellis Island was used as a detention center for suspected enemies. Following the war, Congress passed quota laws and the Immigration Act of 1924, which sharply reduced the number of newcomers allowed into the country and also enabled immigrants to be processed at U.S. consulates abroad. After 1924, Ellis Island switched from a processing center to serving other purposes, such as a detention and deportation center for illegal immigrants, a hospital for wounded soldiers during World War II and a Coast Guard training center. In November 1954, the last detainee, a Norwegian merchant seaman, was released and Ellis Island officially closed.
Beginning in 1984, Ellis Island underwent a $160 million renovation, the largest historic restoration project in U.S. history. In September 1990, the Ellis Island Immigration Museum opened to the public and today is visited by almost 2 million people each year.
Nov 12, 1948: Japanese war criminals sentenced
An international war crimes tribunal in Tokyo passes death sentences on seven Japanese military and government officials, including General Hideki Tojo, who served as premier of Japan from 1941 to 1944.
Eight days before, the trial ended after 30 months with all 25 Japanese defendants being found guilty of breaching the laws and customs of war. In addition to the death sentences imposed on Tojo and others principals, such as Iwane Matsui, who organized the Rape of Nanking, and Heitaro Kimura, who brutalized Allied prisoners of war, 16 others were sentenced to life imprisonment. The remaining two of the 25 defendants were sentenced to lesser terms in prison.
Unlike the Nuremberg trial of German war criminals, where there were four chief prosecutors representing Great Britain, France, the United States, and the USSR, the Tokyo trial featured only one chief prosecutor--American Joseph B. Keenan, a former assistant to the U.S. attorney general. However, other nations, especially China, contributed to the proceedings, and Australian judge William Flood Webb presided. In addition to the central Tokyo trial, various tribunals sitting outside Japan judged some 5,000 Japanese guilty of war crimes, of whom more than 900 were executed.
Nov 12, 1979: Carter shuts down oil imports from Iran
On this day in 1979, President Jimmy Carter responds to a potential threat to national security by stopping the importation of petroleum from Iran.
Earlier that month, on November 4, 66 Americans at the U.S. Embassy in Tehran had been taken hostage by a radical Islamic group. The alarming event led Carter and his advisors to wonder if the same or other terrorist groups would try to strike at American oil resources in the region. At the time, the U.S. depended heavily on Iran for crude oil and Carter's cultivation of a relationship with Iran's recently deposed shah gave the radicals cause, in their view, to take the Americans hostage. Not knowing if future attacks were planned involving American oil tankers or refineries, Carter agreed with the Treasury and Energy Departments that oil imports from Iran should be discontinued immediately. This ended America's formerly friendly association with the oil-rich nation.
The U.S. and Iran had previously enjoyed a healthy diplomatic relationship; Carter had even enlisted the Iranian Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's help in reconvening peace talks between Israel and Egypt. Carter also sought Iran's help in supporting nuclear non-proliferation talks with the Soviet Union. Carter and the shah affirmed their desire to collaborate on alternative energy and oil conservation. He even once toasted Iran under the shah as "an island of stability" in the Middle East.
While Carter and the shah planned closer collaboration on energy issues and the Middle East peace process, an Islamic revolution was brewing in Iran. The shah, who was reviled by the revolutionaries as catering to evil Western influences, was deposed in January 1979 and replaced by a clerical regime led by the Ayatollah Khomeini. In October 1979, the exiled shah came to the United States for cancer treatment. Carter's hospitality toward the shah enraged the group of radical Iranian students who, on November 4, stormed the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and took 66 Americans hostage.
The ensuing hostage crisis, which lasted 444 days, eroded Carter's popularity and he lost his bid for re-election to Republican Ronald Reagan. Reagan went on to serve as president from 1980 to 1988.
Nov 12, 1990: Akihito enthroned as emperor of Japan
Crown Prince Akihito, the 125th Japanese monarch along an imperial line dating back to 660 B.C., is enthroned as emperor of Japan two years after the death of his father.
Akihito, the only son of the late Emperor Hirohito, was the first Japanese monarch to reign solely as an official figurehead. His father, Hirohito, began his reign in 1926 as theoretically absolute, though his powers were sharply limited in practice. After the Japanese defeat in World War II, Hirohito was formally stripped of his powers by the United States and forced to renounce his supposed divinity. With the signing by Japan of the amended constitution of 1946, the emperor became the official figurehead of Japan.
Akihito caused controversy in 1959, when as heir to the Japanese throne he broke a 1,500-year-old tradition and married a commoner, Shoda Michiko, the daughter of a wealthy businessman. Upon becoming emperor, Akihito, an amateur marine biologist and accomplished cellist, commenced a new Japanese era, known as Heisei, or "Achieving Peace." The imperial couple have three children: Crown Prince Naruhito, born in 1960; Prince Akishino, born in 1965; and Princess Nori, born in 1969.
Here's a more detailed look at events that transpired on this date throughout history:
295 - Origin of Era of Ascension
764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the
Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days.
954 - Lotharius becomes king of France
1439 - Plymouth, England, becomes the first town
incorporated by the English Parliament.
1555 - The English Parliament re-establishes Catholicism.
1591 - Castiliaans army occupies Zaragoza
1614 - Treaty of Xanten: Guliks-Kleefse War victory ends
1673 - Dutch troops under Willem III occupy Bonn
1682 - Swedish king Karel XI establishes absolute monarchy
1727 - France & Bavaria renew secret treaty
1775 - General Washington forbids recruiting officers
enlisting blacks
1793 - Jean Sylvain Bailly, the first Mayor of Paris, is
guillotined.
1813 - Allied troops occupy Zwolle Neth
1823 - Great North Holland Canal (Amsterdam) opens
1847 - Sir James Young Simpson, a British physician, is the
first to use chloroform as an anaesthetic.
1859 - Jules Leotard performs 1st Flying Trapeze circus act
(Paris) He also designed garment that bears his name
1873 - Bay District Race Track opens
1885 - Montreal & Britannia Football Clubs (QRFU) defeat
Ontario Combined Team (ORFU) 3-0 in CRFU Championship game
1892 - Pudge Heffelfinger receives $500, becomes 1st pro
football player
1892 - Allegheny Athletic Association beats Pitts Athletic
CLub, 4-0 in football
1893 - The treaty of the Durand Line is signed between
present day Pakistan and Afghanistan - the Durand Line has gained international
recognition as an international border between the two sister nations.
1899 - British troops reach Durban Natal
1900 - World's Fair in Paris opens (50 million visitors)
1905 - (November 12 & November 13) Norway holds a
referendum in favor of monarchy over republic.
1906 - C W Gregory (NSW v Qld) starts day at 48*, is 366* at
stumps
1910 - 1st Movie stunt: man jumps into Hudson river from a
burning balloon
Naval Officer and Explorer Robert ScottNaval Officer and
Explorer Robert Scott 1912 - Robert Scott's diary & dead body found in
Antarctica
1914 - Turks sultan Jamal Pasja declares a German holy war
1915 - Britain annexes Gilbert & Ellice archipelago
1915 - Theodore W Richards is 1st American to win Nobel
Prize in chemistry
1918 - Emperor Karl of Austria-Hungary abdicates, Austria
becomes a republic
1919 - Ross & Keith Smith start a 1 month flight from
London to Australia
1920 - Judge Kennesaw Mountain Landis elected 1st baseball
commissioner
1921 - Washington Conference for Limitation of Armaments
1922 - The Sigma Gamma Rho Sorority is founded on the campus
of Butler University in Indianapolis, Indiana.
1923 - In Germany, Adolf Hitler is arrested for attempt to
sieze power Nov 8
1924 - Yeshivah Slobodka opens a branch in Chevron
1925 - US & Italy sign peace accord about war debts
1927 - 1st underwater tunnel, Holland Tunnel connecting NY
to NJ opens
1927 - Notre Dame's Fighting Irish changes blue jerseys for
green
1927 - Trotsky expelled from Soviet CP; Stalin becomes
undisputed dictator
Russian Revolutionary Leon TrotskyRussian Revolutionary Leon
Trotsky 1928 - British steamer "Vestris" capsizes & sinks off
Virginia, kills 110
1931 - Maple Leaf Gardens opens in Toronto - Chic Blackhawks
beat Leafs, 2-1
1931 - Sibelius/Ashton's ballet "Lady of Shalott,"
premieres in London
1932 - 24 killed at Lancashire mine explosion
1933 - 1st Sunday football game in Philadelphia (previously
illegal)
1933 - 1st game at NFL Pitts Pirate's Forbes Field, lose to
Bkln Dodgers 32-0
1933 - 1st known photo of Loch Ness monster (or whatever) is
taken
1933 - Nazis receive 92% of vote in Germany
1936 - 1st TV Gardening show
1936 - Nobel for literature awarded to Eugene O'Neill
1936 - Oakland Bay Bridge opens
1936 - St Louis Browns sold to Donald L Barnes & William
O DeWitt
1938 - Hermann Goering announces he wants Madagascar as a
Jewish homeland
1939 - Jews in Lodz Poland ordered to wear yellow star of
David
1940 - Blizzard strikes midwest, 154 die (69 on boat on
Great Lakes)
Nazi Politician Hermann GoeringNazi Politician Hermann
Goering 1941 - Germany's drive to take Moscow halted
1941 - WOV-AM & WNEW-AM in NYC swaps call letters
1942 - In World War II, battle of Guadalcanal began
1943 - Landwacht (NSB-political party) forms in Netherlands
1944 - RAF sink German battleship "Tirpitz" at
Tromso Fjord Norway
1945 - Nobel Peace Prize awarded to Cordell Hull
(establishing UN)
1946 - 1st "autobank" (banking by car) forms
(Chicago)
1946 - Walt Disney's "Song Of South" released
1946 - A branch of the Exchange National Bank in Chicago,
Illinois opens the first ten drive-up teller windows.
1947 - KPO-AM in San Francisco CA changes call letters to
KNBC (now KNBR)
1947 - Schilderijenvervalser Han of Meegeren to 1 years jail
sentenced
1948 - Japanese premier Hideki Tojo sentenced to death by
war crimes tribunal
1950 - Gene Roberts sets NFL NY Giant rushing record (218
yds) vs Chic Cards
1951 - "Paint Your Wagon" opens at Shubert Theater
NYC for 289 performances
1952 - Phila A's pitcher Bobby Shantz wins AL MVP
1952 - White Sox place Jim Rivera on 1 year probation after
cleared of rape
First Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-GurionFirst Israeli
Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion 1953 - David Ben-Gurion, resigns as Prime
Minister of Israel
1953 - US district Judge Grim, rules NFL can black out TV
home games
1954 - Ellis Island, immigration station in NY Harbor,
closed
1955 - 1st West German officers sworn in
1955 - E Arcaro, E Sande & G Woolf 1st inductees in
Jockey hall of fame
1956 - Largest observed iceberg, 208 by 60 miles, 1st
sighted
1958 - Bob Turley of Yankees wins Cy Young Award
1959 - White Sox 2B Nellie Fox wins AL's MVP
1960 - Coup against South Vietnam pres Ngo Dinh Diem fails
1960 - Mercury-Redstone 1 test launch fails at 10 cm
altitude
1963 - Train crash in Japan, kills 164
1964 - Jean becomes Grand Duke of Luxembourg
1964 - Paula Murphy sets female land speed record 226.37 MPH
1965 - Ferdinand Marcos elected president of Philippines
1965 - General strike in Morocco against disappearance of
Ben Barka
1965 - Mad Dog Vachon beats Crusher in Denver, to become NWA
champ
1965 - Venera 2 launched by Soviet Union toward Venus
1966 - Dick The Bruiser beats Mad Dog Vachon in Omaha, to
become NWA champ
1966 - Dodgers complete an 18-game tour of Japan with a
9-8-1 record
1966 - High schooler Robert Smith kills 7 for fame
1967 - Margie Masters wins LPGA Quality Chekd Golf Classic
1967 - Packers' Travis Williams returns 2 kickoffs for TDs
against Browns, setting largest margin of Browns defeat (48), winning 55-7
1968 - KSEL (now KAMC) TV channel 28 in Lubbock, TX (ABC)
begins broadcasting
1968 - Supreme Court declares Arkansas law banning teaching
evolution in public schools unconstitutional
1969 - Author Alexander Solzhenitsyn expelled from Soviet
Writers Union
1969 - Minnesota's Harmon Killebrew is voted AL MVP
1969 - US army announces investigating William Calley for
alleged massacre of civilians at Vietnamese village of My Lai in March, 19
1969 - WJJY (now WJPT) TV channel 14 in Jacksonville, IL
(ABC) 1st broadcast
1970 - 240 KPH cyclone hits East Pakistan (Bangladesh);
3-500,000 die
1970 - Cleveland Cavaliers 1st NBA victory (11th game),
beating Portland 105-103
1970 - Scientists perform 1st artificial synthesis of a live
cell
1973 - Dmitri Shostakovitch' 14th String Quartet premieres
1974 - South Africa suspended from UN General Assembly over
racial policies
1975 - NY Mets Tom Seaver wins his 3rd Cy Young Award
1975 - Supreme Court Justice William O Douglas retired after
36 years
1977 - France performs nuclear test at Muruora Island
1977 - New Orleans elects 1st black mayor, Ernest
"Dutch" Morial
1978 - "Platinum" opens at Mark Hellinger Theater
NYC for 33 performances
1978 - Nancy Lopez wins LPGA Colgate Far East Golf Open
1979 - Pres Carter announces immediate halt to all imports
of Iranian oil
1979 - Tony Franklin of Philadelphia Eagles kicks 59-yard
field goal
1979 - US halts Iranian oil imports & freezes Iranian
assets
1980 - Baltimore's Steve Stone wins AL Cy Young Award
1980 - NYC Mayor Ed Koch admits to trying marijuana
1980 - US space probe Voyager I approaches 77,000-mi
(124,000 km) of Saturn
1981 - 1st balloon crossing of Pacific is completed (Double
Eagle V)
1981 - 2nd shuttle mission-1st time spacecraft launched
twice (Columbia 2)
1981 - Bill C Davis' "Mass Appeal," premieres in
NYC
1981 - Billy Martin named AL Manager of Year (Oakland A's)
1981 - Great Britain performs nuclear test
1981 - Pilin Leon of Venezuela, crowned 31st Miss World
1982 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1982 - USSR KGB-chief Yuri V Andropov succeeds Leonid
Brezhnev as USSR leader
1982 - Zaheer Abbas gets his 100th 100 in Test Cricket v
India, goes to 215
1983 - 4 die in a train crash in Marshall Texas
1983 - NJ Devils 1st overtime game, lose to Calgary Flames
4-3
Musician & member of the Beatles Paul McCartneyMusician
& member of the Beatles Paul McCartney 1984 - Paul McCartney releases
"We All Stand Together"
1984 - Space shuttle astronauts snared a satellite 1st space
salvage
1985 - R Hadlee takes 15-123 for Cricket match v Australia
at Brisbane
1985 - STS 61-B vehicle moves to launch pad
1985 - Secretary in Ann Arbor Mich wounded by package bomb
1985 - Horse Racing Breeders' Cup Champs: Cozzene, Life's
Magic, Pebbles, Precisionist, Proud Truth, Tasso, Twilight Ridge at Aqueduct
1986 - France performs nuclear test
1986 - Roger Clemens wins AL Cy Young Award unanimously
1987 - "Teddy & Alice" opens at Minskoff
Theater NYC for 77 performances
1987 - Heavy snow closes schools from DC to Maine
1987 - Ulla Weigerstorfer of Austria, 20, crowned 37th Miss
World
1988 - Japan beats MLB All-Star team 5-4 in Tokyo (Game 6 of
7)
1988 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern
Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1989 - "Grand Hotel" opens at Martin Beck Theater
NYC for 1018 performances
1989 - Brazil holds 1st free presidential election in 29
years
1989 - George Forest's musical "Grand Hotel,"
premieres in NYC
1990 - Crown Prince Akihito is formally installed as Emperor
Akihito of Japan, becoming the 125th Japanese monarch.
Computer scientist Tim Berners-LeeComputer scientist Tim
Berners-Lee 1990 - Tim Berners-Lee publishes a formal proposal for the World
Wide Web.
1991 - "Full House" 100th episode-twins are born
1991 - Atlanta Brave Tom Glavine wins NL Cy Young Award
1991 - Indonesian army shoots on funeral possession: 270-520
die
1991 - Dili Massacre, Indonesian forces open fire on a crowd
of student protesters in Dili, East Timor.
1992 - NY Yankee pitcher Steve Howe is reinstated for 8th
time
1995 - 25th NYC Women's Marathon won by Tegla Loroupe in
2:28:06
1995 - 26th NYC Marathon won by German Silva in 2:10:00
1995 - Last day of Test cricket for Martin Crowe
1995 - Marino breaks Tarkenton's NFL all-time passing
yardage mark of 47,003
1995 - NY MTA raises subway & bus fares from $1.25 to
$1.50
1995 - STS 74 (Atlantis 15), launches into orbit
1996 - Toronto's Pat Hentgen wins AL Cy Young Award
1997 - Dick Vitale signs with ESPN through year 2004
1997 - Pedro Martinez wins NL Cy Young Award
1998 - NY Islanders tie Detroit Red Wings 1-1, to end 10
game losing streak
1998 - Then Vice President of the United States Al Gore
symbolically signs the Kyoto Protocol.
1999 - The Düzce earthquake strikes Turkey with a magnitude
of 7.2 on the Richter scale.
2001 - 2001 Attack on Afghanistan: Taliban forces abandon
Kabul, Afghanistan, ahead of advancing Afghan Northern Alliance troops.
2001 - In New York City, American Airlines Flight 587, an
Airbus A300 on its way to the Dominican Republic, crashes minutes after takeoff
from John F. Kennedy International Airport, killing all 260 on board and five
on the ground.
2003 - With 501 km/h (311 mph) Shanghai Transrapid sets up a
new world record for commercial railway systems.
2003 - Iraq war: In Nasiriya, Iraq, at least 23 people,
among them the first Italian casualties of the 2003 Iraq war are killed in a
suicide bomb attack on an Italian police base.
2006 - The former Soviet republic of South Ossetia holds a
referendum on independence from Georgia.
2011 - Silvio Berlusconi resigns as Prime Minister of Italy
due, in large part, to the European sovereign debt crisis.
2012 - Into the Silence by Wade Davis wins the 2012 Samuel
Johnson Prize
1799 - Andrew Ellicott Douglass witnesses the Leonids meteor shower from a ship off the Florida Keys. 1815 - American suffragist Elizabeth Cady Stanton was born in Johnstown, NY. 1840 - Sculptor Auguste Rodin was born in Paris. His most widely known works are "The Kiss" and "The Thinker." 1859 - The first flying trapeze act was performed by Jules Leotard at Cirque Napoleon in Paris, France. He was also the designer of the garment that is named after him. 1892 - William "Pudge" Heffelfinger became the first professional football player when he was paid a $500 bonus for helping the Allegheny Athletic Association beat the Pittsburgh Athletic Club. 1915 - Theodore W. Richards, of Harvard University, became the first American to be awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry. 1918 - Austria and Czechoslovakia were declared independent republics. 1920 - Judge Keneshaw Mountain Landis was elected the first commissioner of the American and National Leagues. 1921 - Representatives of nine nations gathered for the start of the Washington Conference for Limitation of Armaments. 1927 - Joseph Stalin became the undisputed ruler of the Soviet Union. Leon Trotsky was expelled from the Communist Party leading to Stalin coming to power. 1931 - Maple Leaf Gardens opened in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was to be the new home of the Toronto Maple Leafs in the National Hockey League (NHL). 1933 - In Philadelphia, the first Sunday football game was played. 1940 - Walt Disney released "Fantasia." Disney movies, music and books 1942 - During World War II, naval battle of Guadalcanal began between Japanese and American forces. The Americans won a major victory. 1944 - During World War II, the German battleship "Tirpitz" was sunk off the coast of Norway. 1946 - The first drive-up banking facility opened at the Exchange National Bank in Chicago, IL. 1948 - The war crimes tribunal sentenced Japanese Premier Hideki Tojo and six other World War II Japanese leaders to death. 1953 - The National Football League (NFL) policy of blacking out home games was upheld by Judge Allan K. Grim of the U.S. District Court in Philadelphia. 1954 - Ellis Island, the immigration station in New York Harbor, closed after processing more than 20 million immigrants since 1892. 1964 - Paula Murphy set the female land speed record 226.37 MPH. 1972 - Don Shula, coach of the Miami Dolphins, became the first NFL head coach to win 100 regular season games in 10 seasons. 1975 - U.S. Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas retired because of failing health, ending a record 36½-year term. 1979 - U.S. President Carter ordered a halt to all oil imports from Iran in response to 63 Americans being taken hostage at the U.S. embassy in Tehran, Iran on November 4. 1980 - The U.S. space probe Voyager I came within 77,000 miles of Saturn while transmitting data back to Earth. 1982 - Yuri V. Andropov was elected to succeed the late Leonid I. Brezhnev as general secretary of the Soviet Communist Party's Central Committee. 1984 - Space shuttle astronauts Dale Gardner and Joe Allen snared the Palapa B-2 satellite in history's first space salvage. 1985 - In Norfolk, VA, Arthur James Walker was sentenced to life in prison for his role in a spy ring run by his brother, John A. Walker Jr. 1987 - The American Medical Association issued a policy statement that said it was unethical for a doctor to refuse to treat someone solely because that person had AIDS or was HIV-positive. 1990 - Japanese Emperor Akihito formally assumed the Chrysanthemum Throne. 1991 - In the U.S., Robert Gates was sworn in as CIA director. 1995 - The space shuttle Atlantis blasted off on a mission to dock with the Russian space station Mir. 1997 - Four Americans and their Pakistani driver were shot to death in Karachi, Pakistan. The Americans were oil company employees. 1997 - The UN Security Council imposed new sanctions on Iraq for constraints being placed on UN arms inspectors. 1997 - Ramzi Yousef was found guilty of masterminding the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center. 1998 - Daimler-Benz completed a merger with Chrysler to form Daimler-Chrysler AG. 2001 - American Airlines flight 587 crashed just minutes after take off from Kennedy Airport in New York. The Airbus A300 crashed into the Rockaway Beach section of Queens. All 260 people aboard were killed. 2001 - It was reported that the Northern Alliance had taken the Kabul, Afghanistan, from the ruling Taliban. The Norther Alliance at this point was reported to have control over most of the northern areas of Afghanistan. 2002 - Stan Lee filed a lawsuit against Marvel Entertainment Inc. that claimed the company had cheated him out of millions of dollars in movie profits related to the 2002 movie "Spider-Man." Lee was the creator of Spider-Man, the Incredible Hulk and Daredevil.
1920 Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis was elected the first commissioner of baseball. 1927 Leon Trotsky was expelled from the Communist Party and Joseph Stalin became the ruler of the Soviet Union. 1942 The World War II battle of Guadalcanal begins. 1954 Ellis Island stopped serving as the chief immigration station for the United States. Twenty million immigrants went through Ellis Island in its 62 years of operation. 1970 A cyclone and tidal wave hit East Pakistan, killing over 200,000 people. 1981 The space shuttle Columbia was launched for the second time. It was the first time a space vehicle was used more than once. 1990 Akihito becomes emperor of Japan. 1997 Ramzi Yousef, the man behind the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, was convicted in New York.
The following links are to web sites that were used to complete this blog entry:
http://www.historyorb.com/today/events.php
http://on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/nov12.htm
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history
http://www.infoplease.com/dayinhistory
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