Saturday, March 29, 2025

Movie Review: Stephen King's "The Stand" 1994 Adaptation

If you ask most fans of Stephen King, "The Stand" usually ranks as at least among their favorite King works. As a Constant Reader myself, I would have to agree. There was almost a mystique about that particular book when I first began to be a fan of King. Less than a year after becoming a fan, I read this book, which is his longest. I did so in about three or so weeks, mostly because I really got into it.

The thing is, the first half of the book in particularly is absolutely fascinating. Maybe morbidly fascinating, true. But this is Stephen King we're talking about, right? So that's part of what draws people to his work.

Indeed, his description of a world simply falling apart felt amazing. It was like a real glimpse into what such a scenario might look like in reality. In fact, I still feel like the first half of that book, roughly, is some of the most vivid and exciting of King's works. That, and also the suicide scene of Harold Lauder, one of the more complex characters of the book. There was something about that final scene that felt like really great writing, as well.

Anyway, I realized that while I read this book a couple of times - including one fairly recently, during the pandemic, since it felt particularly relevant at that time - I have never reviewed the book. Perhaps I will endeavor to read it again in the near future to remedy that.

However, I have reviewed the recent series from just a few years back (also during the pandemic). It was not my favorite. While I did not read my own review prior to writing this particular blog entry, there are certain things which I remember from that series which felt disappointing. First of all, it was dark. I mean literally dark, to the point where you could not make things out so well at times. Also, the scenes which are supposed to take place in Las Vegas are terrible in the new series. I remember being kind of on the fence as to whether this new adaptation was better or worse than the original 1994 miniseries to that point, feeling that it still could go either way. But the Vegas scenes absolutely ruined it, at least for me. Plus, Randall Flagg had more of a dark charisma in the '94 series, which felt largely absent in the newer series. He seemed intimidating and scary at first, although this, too, was largely lost as the series went on. 

All of that said, I went ahead and watched the old '94 series over this past weekend, just for the hell of it. Thought it might take longer than the weekend. But I actually do enjoy this adaptation, and feel that despite the age, they got some things right. There are scenes that are supposed to take place in New York which do feel like real chaos. While not all of the scenes are accurate (such as towering, snow-capped mountains serving as the backdrop in places like Arkansas and Indiana), and the production has been criticized for being a bit on the cheap side, it nevertheless stays mostly true to King's original work. And I like that. 

So, let me go ahead and review the older 1994 television series, which was the first real adaptation of this major Stephen King work. Before I do, of course, let me give my usual warning that there will indeed be spoilers ahead. So if you want to see this miniseries and do not want anything to spoil it, you might want to stop reading now. 

SPOILER ALERT

SPOILER ALERT

SPOILER ALERT

Okay, so by now if you are still reading this, I have to imagine that you either are familiar with this story already, or perhaps you do not mind the spoilers. Please just don't say that you were not given advanced warning. 

So right off the bat, the event that triggers pretty much all of the events which follow in this book/adaptation occurs within the first seconds here. We are in the middle of a desert, at a military base. All looks normal, at least at first. But then, we hear alarms going off. There is an incredible emergency. A malfunction lasting only a split second or so has released a deadly virus. In it's pure form, it is an instant killer, apparently. Shortly, we see the impact that it had at this military base, which is ground zero for this disaster, which will ultimately wipe out about 99% of humanity. 

Yet, the seminal event here is that the officer at the gate, Charles Campione, does the one thing that he is not supposed to do under such an emergency. He panics and high tails it. Gets his family - his wife and a young baby daughter - and escapes from the base before the automatic gates can shut them in. After that, he drives, and we soon learn that he made it almost halfway across the country in just less than two days worth of driving. We also hear that any chance of containing the virus pretty much was gone as soon as Campions stopped to order food at a drive thru.

Nevertheless, the military works overtime to try to contain both the virus, as well as the spread of any news about the virus. They suspend constitutional rights and engage in mass killings to that effect, although the world continues to fall apart regardless. The flu, which comes to be popularly known as Captain Trip's, spreads across the country and, presumably, across the entire globe. As a result, we witness the painful birth of a post-apocalyptic world. There are riots, people go crazy, and it instantly becomes a very dangerous world just to survive. 

This was the part of the book - as well as this particular television series - which I enjoyed the most. Watching this fictional world which Stephen King has created (and which obviously bears a very strong resemblance to our own) was quite morbidly fascinating. It feels like we might just be catching a real glimpse of how it actually would look and feel if the world did indeed fall apart, if the center does not hold and, as the opening words of the movie suggest, the world goes out not with a bang, but with a whimper. It feels vivid and fascinating to read about or, in this case, to watch.

What makes this more appealing than many other apocalyptic movies or stories and such is this: the world itself is still healthy. It has not become the unlivable nightmare post-apocalyptic world of the Terminator movies, or the Matrix, or Halo. There are no dangerous zombies as in the Walking Dead (for which I am glad, because zombies have grown very tiresome as a theme in television shows and movies, have they not?). That does not mean that it is not still a very dangerous world. But as one of the main characters suggests at one point, every one of the people who make it an unnecessarily dangerous world are healthy.

Of course, there are other dangers in this world, as well. Obviously, the electricity goes out, and so all of the modern conveniences, including some things which we at least take as necessities, are gone. Before long, there is no option to simply go to the grocery stores and pick up a fresh bit of meat or vegetables, as all the perishables inevitably spoil. The roads are dangerously clogged, and there are other dangers (made by people, of course) on the roads. 

Then, of course, there is the major divide between what will prove to be warring factions. It is mostly a Cold War of sorts, in this post-plague, semi-apocalyptical world. Still, it will turn hot - extremely hot - before the end. That we will get into a little bit later. 

Ultimately over time, the main characters who survive this new plague emerge. It seems that in this post-plague world, people suddenly have much stronger abilities to know things which we, in our modern world, could not possibly know. They have dreams, and these dreams determine their destinies. The decent people head towards one place, and one leading figure, and the bad people head towards somewhere else, and someone else entirely.

The good people tend to gravitate to either side of the aforementioned divide. The good guys, if you will, head towards Mother Abigail, a very old woman (she is 106, if memory serves), who lives out in Hemingford Home, Nebraska, Eventually, She takes them to Boulder, Colorado. Not sure if they explain this in this series, but in the book, it is explained that there was a particularly virulent conspiracy theory that had effectively cleared that town of most of the dead from Captain Trip's, although there are still plenty of dead bodies remaining to be cleaned up. So Boulder is an ideal place for the survivors of the plague to try and rebuild some semblance of a new life. 

There are some main characters we follow to Hemingford Home and/or eventually to Boulder, Colorado. The first one is Stu Redman (known as East Texas), who actually is there when Campione crashes his car into some gas station in Arnette, Texas, which is regarded as the main point of focus for the military to shut down the virus. Then there is Larry Underwood, a young musician who is seemingly on the verge of breaking big in the music industry. Frannie Goldsmith of Maine, who is going through a rough break-up with her ex, and finds out that she is pregnant. Nick Andros, a wonderer who is labeled deaf and dumb, but is actually very sharp. Glen Bateman, the intellectual who provides some philosophical speculation regarding all that has happened, and what trying to get back to the same reliance on modern technology and conveniences might mean for the post-apocalyptic world. Finally, Ralph Bretner, who is kind of a farmer with a good heart.

On the other side, the leader of the bad guys is known as the "Dark Man" or the "walking dude," but we come to know him best by the name Randall Flagg (who consequently, is a recurring character in Stephen King books). He recruits Lloyd Henreid, a bad boy who was sent to prison and very nearly died of starvation when everyone else died of the plague. is picked by Flagg to be his second in command. Then there is the Trashcan Man, a very bizarre character who, admittedly, can get a bit irritating. 

There are also a few who are more or less caught in between. These include Nadine Cross, who first becomes Larry's lover (but not fully a lover) before leaving him. Like him, she heads to the Boulder Free Zone, but this is more a ruse than anything. We learn that she has more than a little dark side. In fact, she is the promised wife of Randall Flagg, the Walkin' Dude. Also in this mixed or confused camp, if you will, is the young poet and intellect Harold Lauder. He is from Frannie's hometown in Maine, and they know each other. In fact, he is in love with her. But his thoughts towards her turn dark and vengeful when he catches her and Stu in an intimate moment. So he also goes to Boulder, but has designs on betraying them, on exacting his revenge before heading to Las Vegas and Flagg's camp. 

Then, there are three others. Unlike Nadine and Harold, they are not confused. They head to Boulder with honest intentions. But the new leaders in Boulder, sensing that Flagg means to pursue war and death towards the Boulder community, chooses these three to be spies. The first is the Judge, who is sharp and understands his mission as a spy very clearly. He never makes it to Las Vegas, getting gunned down in Idaho instead. Next is Dayna Jurgens, who does make it to Las Vegas, and becomes Lloyd's lover. She does find out information, but she will be discovered by Flagg (who we learn knew she was a spy all along) long before she ever gets to return to Boulder. Finally, there is Tom Cullen, the third and final spy. He is extremely kind and has a good heart, but he is also mentally retarded. He keeps repeating how everything is spelled M-O-O-N. But we come to learn that this mistake perhaps was foreshadowing the very important - even crucial - role that he will play. He finds out information and then heads east, back to Boulder. He will get there, eventually. But not before he has to turn around to do something very important first.  

So after the world as we knows it end, these people migrate to the different sides. To put it in simplest terms, Boulder represents the good values, while Las Vegas, predictably, symbolizes the bad. And although it seems entirely senseless, given the absence of any kind of large population of human beings anywhere following the Captain Trip's disaster, the two different sides nevertheless seem on the verge of a war. In particular, Randall Flagg seems intent on destroying the Boulder Free Zone colony. To that end, he has sent his people - led by Trashcan Man - to look for weapons to use against Boulder. They are getting the jets and missiles ready. Eventually, Trashcan Man - who is obsessed with fire and has been all of this life - finds the biggest possible fire with a nuclear weapon. 

Meanwhile, Harold (he calls himself the wild card, and he really actually kind of is that) goes through with the betrayal of the Boulder community. Again with the dreams, Flagg shows him where there is old dynamite stored in Boulder. Thus led, Harold goes to obtain it, then builds a bomb. By this point, Flagg has led Nadine to him, and they have sexual relations up to a point, never quite going all the way. Again, Nadine is Flagg's promised wife to be, and to carry his baby. But everything else, we learn, he will allow, even encourage. So Harold seems happier, but he still wants revenge. After building the bomb, Nadine goes to Fran's house, where she and the other leaders of the Boulder Free Zone will meet. She plants the bomb, which will be activated by radio. Harold observes that he and Nadine are damned. But they go through with it, and kill numerous people, including Nick Andros. 

After that, Harold and Nadine make their escape. Harold himself dies shortly thereafter, as while he is driving a motorcycle, Flagg suddenly appears in the middle of the road, forcing Harold to veer and lose control. He falls far down a cliff, but survives the initial impact. However, he is in bad shape, and barely able to move. In the book, Nadine stays and watches him for a long time while he tries to crawl up the cliff, despite serious wounds, including a badly broken leg. In this miniseries, he stays where he is right on the cliff. Nadine leaves in both versions, but in this miniseries, she does so very quickly, almost sounding relieved. In the book, she seems more stunned, but does eventually leave. 

The Boulder community is just trying to come to grips with the tragedy, although one other thing happens. Mother Abigail disappeared, but she comes back, and with a message from God. Four of the leaders of the Boulder community - Stu, Larry, Ralph, and Glen - are to head out west towards Las Vegas that very day with just the clothes on their backs. The command, if that is what it is, is short on specifics. All that she tells them is that one of them will fall before they get there, but they must go to Las Vegas and make their stand. 

While the four men walk towards Vegas, things are going on there. The Trashcan Man cannot help himself, and sets fire to one of the jets in a hangar, killing a number of the other workers. He immediately feels bad. We understand that his addiction to fire, to blowing things up, simply got the better of him. He vows to make it up to Flagg, although Flagg understands now that the Trashman Can is too dangerous to be left alive. Eventually, he knows, the Trashcan Man will come back to him. Flagg wants him killed quickly and painlessly when he does. 

Slowly but surely, the four men get closer to Las Vegas. Eventually, they reach a damaged point on the highway they are traversing, probably caused by a flash flood. It is a tricky barrier, but it hardly seems like it should stop them. Nevertheless, Stu falls and breaks his leg, and is forced to stay in the makeshift ravine. But the dog that is traveling with them stays with Stu and catches food, which helps to keep Stu alive. Stu grows sick and dryly observes that he will apparently die of the flu after all. However, Tom suddenly appears, having advanced far east of there, but having been called back by the ghost of Nick to save Stu. Eventually, Nick shows Tom the proper medicines to provide to Stu when he gets dangerously sick.

As for the three other men, they keep heading towards Vegas. Eventually, they run into a patrol which Flagg has sent for them. They are arrested and taken to Vegas to await some kind of fearful punishment. Before Glen can face the punishment, he is confronted by Flagg, but is so unimpressed, comparing him to a roach, that Flagg loses all control and orders Lloyd to shoot and kill the old man, which he does. 

The other two soon learn what the punishment is to be: death by dismemberment. They are chained and standing, while Flagg pronounces the specifics of their punishment, when one member of his cult protests and urges people to stand up to this. He is electrocuted by Flagg. In the middle of all of this, the Trashcan Man suddenly and unexpectedly comes back. He had brought the big boom, a nuclear weapon. We hear Mother Abigail speak, saying that the men have acted on God's command and made a stand, and they are to be taken home. Then, we see the Hand of God appear and handle the nuclear weapon, and then it goes off. That is the end for Flagg and his Vegas empire. 

Stu understands that he and Tom were meant to see the nuclear explosion from a safe distance. Stu struggles with his illness but eventually beats the flu. Then, he and Tom make it back to Boulder, although winter has arrived early. Stu makes it back to see Fran as she has delivered the baby, although the baby is battling the flu. Everyone fears that it might be Captain Trip's. But the baby beats it and gets healthy, which signifies that there is hope, and that Captain Trip's really is behind them now. 

For this movie, that's pretty much it. The question is asked whether people can really change, and there is no sure answer. In the book, the community in Boulder grows, and along with it, a relative normalcy returns with it. There are drunks and tensions, much like the world recently passed. And when the question of whether people can really change or not is asked, there is more a tone of uncertainty, even borderline despair. But not in this made for television series. It is a happy ending. 

As for whether this is worth viewing or not, I would say that it definitely is for fans of Stephen King. Some of the scenes of where the world is falling apart are morbidly fascinating and well worth watching. These days, it seems to be available in several different Youtube videos for free. So feel free to watch it. Be warned, however, because it is long.

I have heard some criticisms of this series. In particular, that it is a bit corny at times, and that it is cheaply done. While I did not notice it as much when younger, I will admit to noticing it a lot more now, with my older self. However, I still believe that this 1994 version beats the newer version from a few years ago, despite that one actually being longer. That one is split up into nine episodes each an hour long in duration, if memory serves correctly. It is newer, but newer does not necessarily make it better. Personally, my preference is this one, because it feels truer to the book. Also, there are other things, such as Randall Flagg being both a lot scarier and having far more dark charisma in this '94 version. Also, the Vegas scenes are not great in this one, but it feels a whole lot more like Vegas than the rather ridiculous Vegas of the new series, which is pretty much restricted to the inside of one building, and just feels extremely cliche.

So yes, I prefer this version, and recommend it to anyone who either has read the book, or simply wants to see a movie version of one of the most iconic and beloved works of King, according to his fans. That includes myself. 

Recommended.


Book Review: From a Buick 8 by Stephen King

 




Originally, I read this book shortly after it came out. It was not long after the September 11th attacks and, if memory serves correctly, was the first novel to come out by Stephen King following that day. It was also the first time that he mentioned them, although he did so only in passing in this book.

Well, I reread this book recently. It was the first time in well over two decades that I had done so.

It's funny to think about how different a book can seem depending on when you read it, and your state of mind while reading it. Somehow, admittedly, I probably felt a little disappointed that this book would focus on a car (it's even in the title). It felt to me at the time like he had covered this ground already with Christine.

Still, I am a Constant Reader, so that was not going to stop me from reading the book. But I remembered going into it with more lukewarm enthusiasm than usual for a Stephen King book. Perhaps that was why it felt underwhelming to me at the time.

Now, the world feels very different. Of course, part of that is because I am older. When I first read "From a Buick 8," I was still in my twenties. Not yet a father. Still a young man. In fact, I admittedly felt more like an overgrown kid than an actual adult still. 

Things are different now. I turned 50 late last year. My own son is officially a man himself, although he is in his final months of being a teenager. In my role as a father, the experiences changed me, and changed my perspective. Also, simply growing older, seeing all of the changes with people around me also changed me.

Let's face it: the world has also changed. Quite radically, actually. Back in September of 2002, when this book was first released, it was still just post 9-11. We had not yet invaded Iraq. There were concerns about growing totalitarianism in the United States, even if the Bush administration - which sometimes felt quite evil back then - feels comparatively innocent and reserved by comparison to what we have seen here in the United States since. 

Back then, I was worried that Bush's blind pursuit of the war in Iraq was turning the world against us. Perhaps it did, but again, nothing like what we have seen since the political rise of Trump. It really feels like the United States under Trump has come to be viewed almost as a rogue nation. For some reason, he sees fit to go out of his way to try and provoke nations which traditionally were allies of the United States. This is particularly true of Canada, Denmark, and Mexico, although it seems like the rest of our allies around the globe are rather watching with a sense of disbelief and growing horror, as well. 

At the time, back in 2002, the changes in the post 9/11 world felt scary, and I longed for a return to the world I once knew. Now, reading this book from 2002, it almost feels quaint to read about those times, which I thought were actually terrifying and depressing. Little could most of us have guessed just how quickly everything would change, eh? 

Anyway, let me get to the book.

So while I kind of dismissed it the first time around reading it, since the idea of another killer car did not appeal to me so much, this book hit me differently this second time around. Perhaps it was because this time, I knew what to expect. Having read it before, there was familarity with it, and so it was easier to get past the killer car idea. Although it was rather astonishing how much of the book I had either not paid attention to or outright forgotten.

This story takes place in western Pennsylvania, with one branch of the State Police. In his book "On Writing," King had described the origins of his idea for this book. Simply, it was the idea of a man suddenly leaving a car at a gas station and then disappearing without a trace. And so that is how the story begins, back in the late 1970's, with a very mysterious and creepy man (is he even really a man?) pulling up to a gas station with a highly unusual, classic car. In fact, he appears to be heading to the restroom, but never apparently never actually went there, or anywhere else. This man just disappears entirely, without a trace. 

Of course, the gas station attendant calls the police, and that is how this "Buick 8" becomes property of the Pennsylvania State Police, or at least that particular branch of it. The car itself seems highly unusual in ways that the guys cannot figure. First of all, there is no evidence that Buick made a model like this. Also, the car feels false, like it is not a car at all. Anyone who is familiar with Stephen King will likely know how this goes. 

It turns out that, in fact, it is not what it might seem to be at first. In fact, the idea is that it is only meant to appear like a car. What it is in reality is something very different. 

Now before I go further, this is the time when the usual warning that there are spoilers ahead should come. So here goes:

SPOILER ALERT

SPOILER ALERT

SPOILER ALERT

Okay, so if you are still reading, I have to assume that you either are already familiar with this book, or otherwise do not mind the spoilers to come, for whatever the reason. So here goes:

This is told from the perspective of numerous characters are different points. However, the main character is Sandy, the Commanding Sergeant of Troop D of the Pennsylvania State Police (PSP). Most of the book is told from his perspective. He is telling this story to a kid (Ned, more about him in the next paragraph), explaining how the Buick-8 came into the possession of Troop D of the Pennsylvania State Police. Also, that the car is unusual in more ways than one. That in fact, it is a portal to a very different world, with very different life forms. And the portal works both ways, so there is the threat that a person might be transported to that other world. So everyone has to exercise extreme caution around the Buick 8. 

Naturally, there are other major characters. That includes Curt Wilcox and his son Ned, who seems to hang around Troop D, mostly to keep his late father alive. His father Curt was killed in a car accident which bears some striking resemblance to King's own accident back in 1999 in Maine, although King apparently wrote most of this book (including the part of Curt's accident) well before he himself got hit by a van.  Another "character" of sorts is the car itself, which is a 1953 Buick Roadmaster, or at least appears to be. I say that because it becomes clear quickly that, in fact, this is not an actual car, but the car is just a façade for something else. What it actually is, evidently, is some monstrous portal to another world, or at least another dimension. And it works both ways, sending alien creatures and beings which are horrifying to those who catch a glimpse of them. However, it also has the power - and some kind of sick desire - to send human beings into that other world and, in fact, does so. We learn early on that Ennis Rafferty, one of the troopers, disappears without a trace. Eventually, we get a bad guy, a neo-Nazi domestic abuser by the name of Brian Lippy, who also gets sent to this other world. It seems speculative at first, but in the end, we do get confirmation that these two men ended up in that alien world, where they both met their end. 

Now, of course there are other characters, but for the most part, it would probably be getting too ground down in the details to mention all of them. So let's get to the story.

Stephen King got the idea of this story by an incident he had in western Pennsylvania in 1999. He stopped at a gas station and discovered a stream behind, when he was heading to the bathroom. But he slipped and almost fell into the stream. It was a close call, and he could not get it out of his mind. Within hours, he had the idea of a guy who pulls up to a gas station and then disappears seemingly without a trace, leaving his car behind. In this case, the car is the Buick-8, which feels like it is filled with mystery.

At first, nobody can figure it out. It looks nice, like a classic. Yet, it feels strange for a Buick, and it becomes clear that everybody gets a bad feeling when they are around the car. Eventually, they find that it gives off these strange purplish light shows, which are often followed by the appearance of alien life forms which find themselves trapped in Shed B, where Troop D of the PSP (Pennsylvania State Police) keep the car. The first such creature is some kind of a winged thing that they call a bat, but which really bares no real resemblance to a bat. Next, there is a gigantic thing which they liken to a fish, but which is not a fish. In fact, it is the size of a sofa. There are also thousands of what are called leaves, although again, they are not really leaves. All of these things die quickly upon arrival, and they also quickly begin to decompose. 

Eventually, it grows far more serious. There is a very tall, reddish thing which has a trunk with eyes at the end. Also, it can talk, although the people gathered - none of the major characters, as I recall - are overcome with a violent urge to kill it, because it does not belong to this world. It tries to speak to them, and is a living, sentient being. Those who killed it now have to wrestle with the idea that they might just have committed murder. However, this incident proves to be the last major incident involving a visitor from another planet or dimension which the Buick-8 (which again, is not actually a car) sends to Shed B of Troop D of the PSP in western Pennsylvania. 

Remember, all of this is being told after the fact. Mostly it is being told by Sandy, but sometimes some of the other characters chime in. Through it all, they gauge Ned's reaction, more often than not negatively. The young man seems to hungry and overly entitled to hear these stories. In fact, he almost seems to demand more knowledge of the monstrosity out in Shed B. But everyone collectively tells him that there really is not much more to the story. Ned's father had tried to find out more by training himself on how to dissect earthly creatures, expecting to be able to gain some greater understanding. In the end, however, he has to acknowledge failure, because there is no understanding. Nothing really to learn more about the nature of the creatures or where they came from, let alone how they got here and what role, exactly, the Buick-8 played in it. All of these years later, Sandy feels that he recognizes that same unslakable thirst in Ned to try and figuratively dissect these stories to gain a better understanding, also to no avail. 

The Buick 8 will remain unsatisfying, a mystery without resolution. Yet, there is one last adventure, or event, or whatever you want to call it left. It happens at the end of the night, when everyone is done sharing their stories and experiences with the Buick-8. Everyone heads home, except for Sandy. He heads to a local diner. But right in the middle of it, he gets this overwhelming feeling that the young Ned is up to something. It is more than a feeling, but a certainty. He knows that the kid is trying to do something with - or rather to - the Buick 8. So he rushes back and sees that the kid is indeed in Shed B, where nobody is supposed to go by themselves. Sure enough, he has poured gasoline and has obvious intentions on destroying the car that is more than a car. But he is sitting in the front seat and seems hypnotized, and Sandy can hear the familiar humming, as well as the sucking on air that has preceded past events with the Buick 8 before. The purple light show begins, and Sandy has to do everything in his power to try and get the kid out of the car and to safety before it is too late. 

Before long, Sandy realizes that he is not alone. One by one, the others who had been sharing their stories and experiences with the kid start showing up. They all felt what Sandy felt at the diner. They know that the kid is determined to do the most dangerous thing imaginable and confront the monstrosity on his own. Som together, they manage to pull the kid out of there, but not before Sandy catches a glimpse of that other world, with some of the kinds of creatures that had ended up being sent to Shed B, as well as an ocean and strange grass. Also, a few pieces of evidence - or perhaps it is more like proof - that the missing officer and the missing neo-Nazi had indeed ended their lives in this strange world. Indeed, the Buick 8 sucked them out of this world and into that strange other world.

At the end, we find that Ned has dropped his interest in college and decided to join the PSP himself. He is now a member of Troop D. At the very end, he has a surprise for Sandy. He asks Sandy to take a look at the Buick 8. At first Sandy sees nothing, but then he sees it. A crack on the window, which is the first sign of aging or of the thing falling apart. There is a sense that the thing will likely fall apart and essentially die in due time. 

As for recommending it, I do. That is especially true for fellow fans of Stephen King. Indeed, if you are a Constant Reader, then obviously you should read this book. After having read and seem some reviews, it seems like this book gets more criticism than other King works. Most people agree that it is quieter than other books by King, and I would tend to agree with that. Yet, this is part of King's strength as a writer, because the quieter books like this often allow him to really build his characters, which I have long felt is the greatest strength of his writing. So while I understand that some readers want things to happen quicker, I personally enjoyed the slower pace of this book. And whatever this means, the second time reading this one felt a lot more rewarding and enjoyable, even, than the first time around. 



March 29th: This Day in History

 





Once again, it should be reiterated, that this does not pretend to be a very extensive history of what happened on this day (nor is it the most original - the links can be found down below). If you know something that I am missing, by all means, shoot me an email or leave a comment, and let me know!




On this day in 502, Bourgundy King Gundobar delegated royal power. In 1461, there was a Battle near Towton Field, with 33,000 killed during the War of the Roses. The city of Salvador da Bahia, the first capital of Brazil, was founded on this day in 1549. The Treaty of Saint-Germain was signed on this day in 1632, with the English returning Québec to French control after having seized it in 1629. In 1792 on this day, King Gustav III of Sweden died after being shot in the back at a midnight masquerade ball at Stockholm's Royal Opera just 13 days earlier. He was succeeded by Gustav IV Adolf. On this day in 1795, Ludwig van Beethoven debuted as a pianist in Vienna at the age of 24. In 1804 on this day, the Haitian massacre (some describe it as a genocide) occurred. Under the direction of Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Afro-Haitian soldiers, most of whom had been former slaves, committed widespread slaughter against a large portion of the remaining European (mostly French) population in Haiti. On this day in 1827, 20,000 people attended Ludwig von Beethoven's burial in Vienna. Thousands were killed. Niagara Falls stopped flowing for 30 hours due to an ice jam on this day in 1848. On this day in 1867, the British Parliament passed the North America Act (also known as the Constitution Act, or the Canadian Constitution Act) to create the Dominion of Canada, which consisted of four provinces: Ontario, Québec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. In 1867 on this day, the U.S. Congress approved plans for the Lincoln Memorial. On this day in 1945, Gen. George S. Patton's 3rd Army captured Frankfurt, as "Old Blood and Guts" (as Patton was known) continued his march east. Turkey formally recognized Israel on this day in 1949. On this day in 1951, Julius & Ethel Rosenberg were convicted of espionage. At the end of a trial in South Africa which lasted 4½ years, anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela was acquitted of treason charges on this day in 1961. Argentine President Arturo Frondizi was overthrown and attempted to flee from the nation's military on this day in 1962. The Royal Albert Hall opened on this day in 1971. On this day in 1973, the U.S. fully withdrew from Vietnam nine years after the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. In 1976 on this day, eight Ohio National Guardsmen were indicted for shooting 4 Kent State student protestors. I M Pei's Pyramid serving as the new entrance to the Musée du Louvre (Louvre Museum) in Paris opened on this day in 1989, as part of the French Revolution Bicentennial celebrations. On this day in 2004, former Eastern bloc (Warsaw Pact) nations Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia officially joined NATO as full members. In 2004 on this day, the Republic of Ireland became the first country in the world to ban smoking in all workplaces, including at bars and restaurants. On this day in 2010, two female suicide bombers hit the Moscow Metro system at the peak of the morning rush hour, killing 40 people.



Here's a more detailed look at events that transpired on this date throughout history:

• On this day in 502, Bourgundy King Gundobar delegated royal power.
• In 1461, there was a Battle near Towton Field, with 33,000 killed during the War of the Roses.
• The city of Salvador da Bahia, the first capital of Brazil, was founded on this day in 1549.


Royal France

• The Treaty of Saint-Germain was signed on this day in 1632, with the English returning Québec to French control after having seized it in 1629.

1638 - 1st permanent white settlement in Delaware (Swedish Lutherans)
1673 - Eng King Charles II accept Test Act: RC excluded of public functions

• In 1792 on this day, King Gustav III of Sweden died after being shot in the back at a midnight masquerade ball at Stockholm's Royal Opera just 13 days earlier. He was succeeded by Gustav IV Adolf.


Bust of iconic German composer and musician Ludwig van Beethoven

• On this day in 1795, Ludwig van Beethoven debuted as a pianist in Vienna at the age of 24.
1798 - Republic of Switzerland forms
1799 - New York passes a law aimed at gradually abolishing slavery in the state.



Modern day flag of Haiti



 In 1804 on this day, the Haitian massacre (some describe it as a genocide) occurred. Under the direction of Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Afro-Haitian soldiers, most of whom had been former slaves, committed widespread slaughter against a large portion of the remaining European (mostly French) population in Haiti. Thousands were killed. 


1806 - Construction is authorized of the Great National Pike, better known as the Cumberland Road, becoming the first United States federal highway.
1809 - King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden abdicates after a coup d'état. At the Diet of Porvoo, Finland's four Estates pledge allegiance to Alexander I of Russia, commencing the secession of the Grand Duchy of Finland from Sweden.

• On this day in 1827, 20,000 people attended Ludwig von Beethoven's burial in Vienna.

1831 - Great Bosnian uprising: Bosniak rebel against Turkey.
1847 - 12,000 US troops capture Vera Cruz, Mexico




• Niagara Falls stopped flowing for 30 hours due to an ice jam on this day in 1848.


1849 - Great Britain formally annexs Punjab after defeat of Sikhs in India
1849 - The United Kingdom annexes the Punjab.
King Charles IIKing Charles II 1850 - Ireland's SS Royal Adelaide sinks in storm; 200 die
1852 - Ohio makes it illegal for children under 18 & women to work more than 10 hours a day
1860 - Dion Boucicault's "Colleen Bawn," premieres in NYC
1864 - Great Britain gives the Ionian Islands back to Greece
1864 - Union General Steeles troops reach Arkadelphia Arkansas
1865 - -Apr 9th], Appomattox campaign, VA , 7582 killed
1865 - Battle of Quaker Road, VA




The Seal of Canada



 On this day in 1867, the British Parliament passed the North America Act (also known as the Constitution Act, or the Canadian Constitution Act) to create the Dominion of Canada, which consisted of four provinces: Ontario, Québec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia.





Lincoln Memorial Sculpture by Daniel French in Washington, D.C.


• In 1867 on this day, the U.S. Congress approved plans for the Lincoln Memorial.


• 1871 - Albert Hall opened by Queen Victoria in London
1879 - Tsjaikovski's opera "Jevgeni Onegin," premieres in Moscow
1882 - Knights of Columbus chartered for Catholic men
1886 - Chemist John Pemberton begins to advertise for Coca-Coke
1897 - Japan adopts Gold Standard
1906 - Stanley Cup: Montreal Wanderers sweep Kenora Thisles in 2 games
Naval Officer and Explorer Robert ScottNaval Officer and Explorer Robert Scott 1912 - Capt Robert Scott, storm-bound in a tent near South Pole, makes last entry in his diary "the end cannot be far"

1924 - Bayern & Vatican reach accord
1927 - Henry O D Seagrave races his Sunbeam to a record 203.79 mph at Daytona
1928 - Yeshiva College (now University) chartered (NYC)

1930 - Heinrich Brüning is appointed German Reichskanzler.
1932 - Jack Benny debuts on radio, on Ed Sullivan's New York interview program
1934 - Bank of Travail in Belgium, socialist worker's movement bankrupt
1936 - 10,000 watch the 200" mirror blank passing through Indianapolis
1936 - Nazi propaganda claims 99% of Germans voted for Nazi candidates


1942 - British cruiser Trinidad torpedoes itself in the Barents Sea
1942 - British destroyer Campbeltown explodes in St-Nazaire: 400 Germans die
1942 - German submarine U-585 sinks
1942 - The Bombing of Lübeck in World War II was the first major success for the RAF Bomber Command against Germany and a German city.
1943 - Meat, butter & cheese rationed in US during WW II
1943 - Meat rationed in US (784 gram/week, 2 kilogram for GI's
1945 - World War II: Last day of V-1 flying bomb attacks on England.



American World War II General George S. Patton





 On this day in 1945, Gen. George S. Patton's 3rd Army captured Frankfurt, as "Old Blood and Guts" (as Patton was known) continued his march east.    Frankfurt am Main, literally "On the Main" River, in western Germany, was the mid-19th century capital of Germany (it was annexed by Prussia in 1866, ending its status as a free city). Once integrated into a united German nation, it developed into a significant industrial city—and hence a prime target for Allied bombing during the war. That bombing began as early as July 1941, during a series of British air raids against the Nazis. In March 1944, Frankfurt suffered extraordinary damage during a raid that saw 27,000 tons of bombs dropped on Germany in a single month. Consequently, Frankfurt's medieval Old Town was virtually destroyed (although it would be rebuilt in the postwar period—replete with modern office buildings).    In late December 1944, during the Battle of the Bulge, General Patton broke through the German lines of the besieged Belgian city of Bastogne, relieving its valiant defenders. Patton then pushed the Germans east. Patton's goal was to cross the Rhine, even if not a single bridge was left standing over which to do it. As Patton reached the banks of the river on March 22, 1945, he found that one bridge—the Ludendorff Bridge, located in the little town of Remagen—had not been destroyed. American troops had already made a crossing on March 7—a signal moment in the war and in history, as an enemy army had not crossed the Rhine since Napoleon accomplished the feat in 1805. Patton grandly made his crossing, and from the bridgehead created there, Old Blood and Guts and his 3rd Army headed east and captured Frankfurt on the 29th.    Patton then crossed through southern Germany and into Czechoslovakia, only to encounter an order not to take the capital, Prague, as it had been reserved for the Soviets. Patton was, not unexpectedly, livid.




  Turkey formally recognized Israel on this day in 1949. 


 On this day in 1951, Julius & Ethel Rosenberg were convicted of espionage.  In one of the most sensational trials in American history, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg are convicted of espionage for their role in passing atomic secrets to the Soviets during and after World War II. The husband and wife were later sentenced to death and were executed in 1953.    The conviction of the Rosenbergs was the climax of a fast-paced series of events that were set in motion with the arrest of British physicist Klaus Fuchs in Great Britain in February 1950. British authorities, with assistance from the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, gathered evidence that Fuchs, who worked on developing the atomic bomb both in England and the United States during World War II, had passed top-secret information to the Soviet Union. Fuchs almost immediately confessed his role and began a series of accusations.    Fuchs confessed that American Harry Gold had served as a courier for the Soviet agents to whom Fuchs passed along his information. American authorities captured Gold, who thereupon pointed the finger at David Greenglass, a young man who worked at the laboratory where the atomic bomb had been developed. Gold claimed Greenglass was even more heavily involved in spying than Fuchs. Upon his arrest, Greenglass readily confessed and then accused his sister and brother-in-law, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, of being the spies who controlled the entire operation. Both Ethel and Julius had strong leftist leanings and had been heavily involved in labor and political issues in the United States during the late-1930s and 1940s. Julius was arrested in July and Ethel in August 1950.    By present-day standards, the trial was remarkably fast. It began on March 6, and the jury had convicted both of conspiracy to commit espionage by March 29. The Rosenbergs were not helped by a defense that many at the time, and since, have labeled incompetent. More harmful, however, was the testimony of Greenglass and Gold. Greenglass declared that Julius Rosenberg had set up a meeting during which Greenglass passed the plans for the atomic bomb to Gold. Gold supported Greenglass's accusation and admitted that he then passed the plans along to a Soviet agent. This testimony sealed Julius's fate, and although there was little evidence directly tying Ethel to the crime, prosecutors claimed that she was the brain behind the whole scheme. The jury found both guilty. A few days later, the Rosenbergs were sentenced to death. They were executed on June 19, 1953 in Sing Sing Prison in New York. Both maintained their innocence to the end.    The Rosenberg case garnered worldwide attention. Their supporters claimed they were being made scapegoats to the Cold War hysteria that was sweeping America. The French writer and philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre called their execution a "legal lynching." Others pointed out that even if the Rosenbergs did pass secrets along to the Soviets during World War II, Russia had been an ally, not an enemy, of the United States at the time. Those who supported the verdict insisted that the couple got what they deserved for endangering national security by giving top-secret information on a devastating weapon to communists.


1960 - Darius Milhaud's 9th Symphony, premieres
1961 - 23rd Amendment ratified, allows Wash DC residents to vote for pres




•  At the end of a trial in South Africa which lasted 4½ years, anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela was acquitted of treason charges on this day in 1961. 





 Argentine President Arturo Frondizi was overthrown and attempted to flee from the nation's military on this day in 1962. 



1968 - Students seize building at Bowie State College
1969 - Communist New People's Army found in Philippines
1970 - "Look to the Lilies" opens at Lunt-Fontanne Theater NYC for 25 perfs
Heavyweight Boxing Champion Muhammad AliHeavyweight Boxing Champion Muhammad Ali 1970 - Manchester City wins 10th Europe Cup II
1971 - 1st Lt William L Calley Jr found guilty in My Lai (Vietnam) massacre
1971 - Chile president Allende nationalizes banks/copper mines
1971 - Conrad Van Emde Boas becomes West Europe's 1st sexology professor
1971 - Development of a serum hepatitis vaccine for children announced



• The Royal Albert Hall opened on this day in 1971. 



 On this day in 1973, the U.S. fully withdrew from Vietnam nine years after the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.  Two months after the signing of the Vietnam peace agreement, the last U.S. combat troops leave South Vietnam as Hanoi frees the remaining American prisoners of war held in North Vietnam. America's direct eight-year intervention in the Vietnam War was at an end. In Saigon, some 7,000 U.S. Department of Defense civilian employees remained behind to aid South Vietnam in conducting what looked to be a fierce and ongoing war with communist North Vietnam.    In 1961, after two decades of indirect military aid, U.S. President John F. Kennedy sent the first large force of U.S. military personnel to Vietnam to bolster the ineffectual autocratic regime of South Vietnam against the communist North. Three years later, with the South Vietnamese government crumbling, President Lyndon B. Johnson ordered limited bombing raids on North Vietnam, and Congress authorized the use of U.S. troops. By 1965, North Vietnamese offensives left President Johnson with two choices: escalate U.S. involvement or withdraw. Johnson ordered the former, and troop levels soon jumped to more than 300,000 as U.S. air forces commenced the largest bombing campaign in history.    During the next few years, the extended length of the war, the high number of U.S. casualties, and the exposure of U.S. involvement in war crimes, such as the massacre at My Lai, helped turn many in the United States against the Vietnam War. The communists' Tet Offensive of 1968 crushed U.S. hopes of an imminent end to the conflict and galvanized U.S. opposition to the war. In response, Johnson announced in March 1968 that he would not seek reelection, citing what he perceived to be his responsibility in creating a perilous national division over Vietnam. He also authorized the beginning of peace talks.    In the spring of 1969, as protests against the war escalated in the United States, U.S. troop strength in the war-torn country reached its peak at nearly 550,000 men. Richard Nixon, the new U.S. president, began U.S. troop withdrawal and "Vietnamization" of the war effort that year, but he intensified bombing. Large U.S. troop withdrawals continued in the early 1970s as President Nixon expanded air and ground operations into Cambodia and Laos in attempts to block enemy supply routes along Vietnam's borders. This expansion of the war, which accomplished few positive results, led to new waves of protests in the United States and elsewhere.    Finally, in January 1973, representatives of the United States, North and South Vietnam, and the Vietcong signed a peace agreement in Paris, ending the direct U.S. military involvement in the Vietnam War. Its key provisions included a cease-fire throughout Vietnam, the withdrawal of U.S. forces, the release of prisoners of war, and the reunification of North and South Vietnam through peaceful means. The South Vietnamese government was to remain in place until new elections were held, and North Vietnamese forces in the South were not to advance further nor be reinforced.    In reality, however, the agreement was little more than a face-saving gesture by the U.S. government. Even before the last American troops departed on March 29, the communists violated the cease-fire, and by early 1974 full-scale war had resumed. At the end of 1974, South Vietnamese authorities reported that 80,000 of their soldiers and civilians had been killed in fighting during the year, making it the most costly of the Vietnam War.    On April 30, 1975, the last few Americans still in South Vietnam were airlifted out of the country as Saigon fell to communist forces. North Vietnamese Colonel Bui Tin, accepting the surrender of South Vietnam later in the day, remarked, "You have nothing to fear; between Vietnamese there are no victors and no vanquished. Only the Americans have been defeated." The Vietnam War was the longest and most unpopular foreign war in U.S. history and cost 58,000 American lives. As many as two million Vietnamese soldiers and civilians were killed.


1974 - Mariner 10's, 1st fly-by of Mercury, returns photos
1975 - Jane Blalock wins LPGA Karsten-Ping Golf Open
1975 - Only 2nd time Islanders beat Rangers
1976 - 38th NCAA Men's Basketball Championship: Indiana beats Michigan 86-68

 In 1976 on this day, eight Ohio National Guardsmen were indicted for shooting 4 Kent State student protestors.

1982 - Delhi 707 beat Karnataka 705 on 1st innings to win Ranji Trophy
1984 - NFL Baltimore Colts move to Indianapolis
1984 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1985 - Christos Sartzetakis elected president of Greece
NHL all-time top scorer Wayne GretzkyNHL all-time top scorer Wayne Gretzky 1985 - Wayne Gretzky breaks own NHL season record with 126th assist
1986 - Beatle records officially go on sale in Russia
1987 - 6th NCAA Women's Basketball Championship: Tennessee routs Louisiana 67-44
1987 - Pat Bradley wins LPGA Standard Register Turquoise Golf Classic
1987 - Wrestlemania III-93,173 watch Hulk Hogan beat Andre the Giant
1987 - Yitzhak Shamir re-elected chairman of right wing Herut Party
1987 - 7th Golden Raspberry Awards: Howard the Duck wins
1988 - "Oba Oba" opens at Ambassador Theater NYC for 46 performances
1988 - US Congress discontinues aid to Nicaraguan contras
1989 - 1st Soviet hockey players are permitted to play for the NHL
1989 - 1st US private commercial rocket makes suborbital test flight (NM)
1989 - 61st Academy Awards - "Rainman," Dustin Hoffman & Jodie Foster win
1989 - 9th Golden Raspberry Awards: Cocktail wins










 I M Pei's Pyramid serving as the new entrance to the Musée du Louvre (Louvre Museum) in Paris opened on this day in 1989, as part of the French Revolution Bicentennial celebrations.

1989 - Michael Milken, junk bond king, indicted in NY for racketeering
Actor Dustin HoffmanActor Dustin Hoffman 1992 - "Conversations with My Father" opens at Royale NYC for 462 perfs
1992 - 12th Golden Raspberry Awards: Hudson Hawk wins
1992 - 21st Nabisco Dinah Shore Golf Championship won by Dottie Mochrie
1992 - Herb Gardner's "Conversations With My Father," premieres in NYC
1992 - Ice Dance Championship at Oakland won by Klimova & Ponomarenko (CIS)
1992 - Ice Pairs Championship at Oakland won by Mishuktienok & Dmitriev (CIS)
1992 - Ladies Fig Skating Championship in Oak won by Kristi Yamaguchi (USA)
1992 - Men's Fig Skating Championship in Oakland won by Viktor Petrenko (CIS)
1992 - NCAA Basketball Women's Championship at Kemper Arena, KC
1993 - 65th Academy Awards - "Unforgiven," Al Pacino & Emma Thompson win
1993 - Queensland all out for 75 v NSW in Sheffield Shield Final
1993 - Actress Elizabeth Taylor presented the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award for work for AIDs causes at 65th Academy Awards


1994 - Coach Jimmy Johnson quits Dallas Cowboys
1994 - Last day of Test cricket for Allan Border
1994 - Serbs & Croats signed a cease-fire to end the war in Croatia


1998 - Vasco da Gama Road bridge opens in Lisbon, Portugal as the longest bridge in Europe
1999 - 61st NCAA Men's Basketball Championship: at ThunderDome St Petersburg
1999 - The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes at 10006.78 - above the 10,000 mark for the first time ever.


 On this day in 2004, former Eastern bloc (Warsaw Pact) nations Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia officially joined NATO as full members.


 In 2004 on this day, the Republic of Ireland became the first country in the world to ban smoking in all workplaces, including at bars and restaurants.

 On this day in 2010, two female suicide bombers hit the Moscow Metro system at the peak of the morning rush hour, killing 40 people.


2013 - 10 people are killed and 31 are injured by a blast outside the US consulate in Pakistan
2013 - 23 people are killed by coordinated bombings on Shiite mosques in Iraq
2013 - 36 people are killed after a 16-floor building collapses in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
2013 - UN regulation of international arms trade is blocked by North Korea, Iran, and Syria
2013 - Soyuz TMA-08M sets a new record of 6 hours in orbit before docking with the International Space Station
2013 - American horse, Animal Kingdom, wins the 2013 Dubai World Cup





1461 - Edward IV secured his claim to the English thrown by defeating Henry VI’s Lancastrians at the battle of Towdon.   1638 - First permanent European settlement in Delaware was established.   1847 - U.S. troops under General Winfield Scott took possession of the Mexican stronghold at Vera Cruz.   1848 - Niagara Falls stopped flowing for one day due to an ice jam.   1867 - The British Parliament passed the North America Act to create the Dominion of Canada.   1882 - The Knights of Columbus organization was granted a charter by the State of Connecticut.   1901 - The first federal elections were held in Australia.   1903 - A regular news service began between New York and London on Marconi's wireless.   1906 - In the U.S., 500,000 coal miners walked off the job seeking higher wages.   1913 - The Reichstag announced a raise in taxes in order to finance the new military budget.   1916 - The Italians call off the fifth attack on Isonzo.   1932 - Jack Benny made his radio debut.   1936 - Italy firebombed the Ethiopian city of Harar.   1941 - The British sank five Italian warships off the Peloponnesus coast in the Mediterranean.   1943 - In the U.S. rationing of meat, butter and cheese began during World War II.   1946 - Fiorella LaGuardia became the director general of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Organization.   1946 - Gold Coast became the first British colony to hold an African parliamentary majority.   1951 - The Chinese reject MacArthur's offer for a truce in Korea.   1951 - In the United States, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage. They were executed in June 19, 1953.   1961 - The 23rd amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified. The amendment allowed residents of Washington, DC, to vote for president.   1962 - Cuba opened the trial of the Bay of Pigs invaders.   1962 - Jack Paar made his final appearance on the "Tonight" show.   1966 - Leonid Brezhnev became the First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party. He denounced the American policy in Vietnam and called it one of aggression.   1967 - France launched its first nuclear submarine.   1971 - Lt. William Calley Jr., of the U.S. Army, was found guilty of the premeditated murder of at least 22 Vietnamese civilians. He was sentenced to life imprisonment. The trial was the result of the My Lai massacre in Vietnam on March 16, 1968.   1971 - A jury in Los Angeles recommended the death penalty for Charles Manson and three female followers for the 1969 Tate-La Bianca murders. The death sentences were later commuted to live in prison.   1973 - "Hommy," the Puerto Rican version of the rock opera "Tommy," opened in New York City.   1973 - The last U.S. troops left South Vietnam.   1974 - Mariner 10, the U.S. space probe became the first spacecraft to reach the planet Mercury. It had been launched on November 3, 1973.   1974 - Eight Ohio National Guardsmen were indicted on charges stemming from the shooting deaths of four students at Kent State University on May 4, 1970. All the guardsmen were later acquitted.   1975 - Egyptian president Anwar Sadat declared that he would reopen the Suez Canal on June 5, 1975.   1979 - The Committee on Assassinations Report issued by U.S. House of Representatives stated the assassination of President John F. Kennedy was the result of a conspiracy.   1982 - The soap opera "Search for Tomorrow" changed from CBS to NBC.   1986 - A court in Rome acquitted six men in a plot to kill the Pope.   1987 - Hulk Hogan took 11 minutes, 43 seconds to pin Andre the Giant in front of 93,136 at Wrestlemania III fans at the Silverdome in Pontiac, MI.   1992 - Democratic presidential front-runner Bill Clinton said "I didn't inhale and I didn't try it again" in reference to when he had experimented with marijuana.   1993 - The South Korean government agreed to pay financial support to women who had been forced to have sex with Japanese troops during World War II.   1993 - Clint Eastwood won his first Oscars. He won them for best film and best director for the film "Unforgiven."   1995 - The U.S. House of Representatives rejected a constitutional amendment that would have limited terms to 12 years in the U.S. House and Senate.   1998 - Tennessee won the woman's college basketball championship over Louisiana. Tennessee had set a NCAA record with regular season record or 39-0.   1999 - At least 87 people died in an earthquake in India's Himalayan foothills.   1999 - The Dow Jones industrial average closed above the 10,000 mark for the first time.   2004 - Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia became members of NATO.



1848 For the first time in recorded history, Niagara Falls stopped flowing. An ice jam in the Niagara River above the rim of the falls caused the water to stop. 1867 The North America Act was passed by the British parliament, creating the dominion of Canada. 1951 Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were found guilty of passing atomic secrets to the Russians and were sentenced to death. 1971 Lt. William Calley was convicted of murdering 22 Vietnamese civilians in the My Lai massacre. 1973 The last U.S. troops left South Vietnam. 1999 The Dow Jones industrial average closed above 10,000 for the first time, at 10,006.78. 2002 Israel declared Yasir Arafat an enemy.


The following links are to web sites that were used to complete this blog entry:

http://www.historyorb.com/today/events.php

http://on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/mar29.htm


http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history

http://www.infoplease.com/dayinhistory

Friday, March 28, 2025

Taking a Closer Look at Elon Musk & a Past Seemingly Linked With Racism

A lot has been said about Elon Musk and his controversial fascist salute on Trump's inauguration day. He claims that it was not a fascist or Nazi salute, as people claim.

However, there are quite legitimate reasons to feel that he is in fact lying. First of all, he was born and raised a privileged white kid in South Africa during the days of apartheid. Also, he supports the far right movement in Germany presently. Also, he urged Germany to move beyond any guilt over the past and, more recently, he tweeted - and then quickly deleted the same tweet - that dictators like Hitler, Stalin, and Mao were not responsible for the millions of people killed during their rule. He took it down after receiving criticisms, including accusations of anti-Semitism. 

Elon Musk has lately been crying foul about everything. If you listen to him, then obviously he did no wrong. No, that was not a Nazi salute. No, he is not anti-Semitic or a neo-Nazi. No, he is not a fascist. In fact, liberals used to love him, so what happened?

Right. 

Except that his political favoritism is showing. THat includes supporting extreme rightwingers in numerous other countries.

Oh, and he failed ot see how his white skin had given him any sort of privileges growing up. This from someone who grew up white in South Africa during the apartheid days.

And, as it turns out, has some major links to leading apartheid figures with his family.

It's kind of hard not to connect the dots.

Then, let's remember this quote from Elon Musk earlier this year. 

“The fundamental weakness of Western civilization is empathy." 

– Elon Musk

This quote kind of sums what makes Musk so appalling and a real danger to the country.

Take a look at this video. It really kind of makes Musk's alarming behavior and apparently extremist political leanings a little clearer. We need to face this reality head on. 






Elon Musk's Family History in South Africa Reveals Ties to Apartheid & Neo-Nazi Movements

March 28th: This Day in History

 





Once again, it should be reiterated, that this does not pretend to be a very extensive history of what happened on this day (nor is it the most original - the links can be found down below). If you know something that I am missing, by all means, shoot me an email or leave a comment, and let me know!


On this day in 37, Roman Emperor Caligula accepted the titles of the Principate, which was entitled to him by the Senate. In 193 on this day, Roman Emperor Pertinax was assassinated by Praetorian Guards, who then sold the throne in an auction to Didius Julianus. Roman Emperor Valentinian I appointed his brother Flavius Valens to be co-Emperor on this day in 364. On this day in 845, Paris was sacked by Viking raiders, probably under Ragnar Lodbrok, who collected a huge ransom in exchange for leaving. In 1738 on this day, the English Parliament declared war on Spain (War of Jenkin's Ear). Great Britain passed the Coercive Act against Massachusetts on this day in 1774. In 1794 on this day during the French Revolution,  the Musée du Louvre (Louvre Museum) in Paris opened to the public (although it had been officially opened since August). On this day in 1794 during the French Revolution, the Allies under the Prince of Coburg defeated the French forces at Le Cateau. The partitions of Poland took place on this day in 1795, as the Duchy of Courland, a northern fief of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ceased to exist and became part of Imperial Russia. On this day in 1797, Nathaniel Briggs of New Hampshire patented a washing machine. The American state of Ohio passed law on this day in 1804 restricting the movement of blacks. On this day in 1814, a funeral was held for Guillotin, the inventor and namesake of the infamous execution device, which took place outside of Paris, France. The Crimean War began on this day in 1854 as Great Britain and France declared war on Russia. In 1930 on this day, the cities of Constantinople & Angora changed their names to Istanbul & Ankara. On this day in 1933, the German Reichstag conferred dictatorial powers on Adolf Hitler. On this day in 1939, the Spanish Civil War ended as the Republican defenders of Madrid, the national capital, raised the white flag over the city to the forces of Francisco Franco, bringing to an end the bloody three-year Spanish Civil War. The last German V-1 (buzz bomb) attack on London took place on this day in 1945 during the latter stages of World War II. President Dwight Eisenhower died on this day in 1969. On this day in 1979, there was a major nuclear accident at Three Mile Island in Middletown, Pennsylvania. On this day in 1994, with South Africa's first multiracial elections fast approaching, an outbreak of violence between Zulus and African National Congress supporters took the lives of 18 in Johannesburg. In 1999 on this day, Paraguay's President Raúl Cubas Grau resigned after protests inspired by the assassination of Vice-President Luis María Argaña on March 23. The nation's Congress had accused Cubas and his political associate, Gen. Lino César Oviedo, for Cubas' murder. Senate President Luis González Macchi took office as Paraguay's new chief executive.  





Here's a more detailed look at events that transpired on this date throughout history:

• On this day in 37, Roman Emperor Caligula accepted the titles of the Principate, which was entitled to him by the Senate.
• In 193 on this day, Roman Emperor Pertinax was assassinated by Praetorian Guards, who then sold the throne in an auction to Didius Julianus.
• Roman Emperor Valentinian I appointed his brother Flavius Valens to be co-Emperor on this day in 364.
• On this day in 845, Paris was sacked by Viking raiders, probably under Ragnar Lodbrok, who collected a huge ransom in exchange for leaving.
1535 - Bloemkamp Abbey (Oldeklooster) attacked & destroyed
1556 - Karel V's son Philip II crowned king of Spain
1556 - Origin of Fasli Era (India)

• In 1738 on this day, the English Parliament declared war on Spain (War of Jenkin's Ear).

• Great Britain passed the Coercive Act against Massachusetts on this day in 1774.

1776 - Juan Bautista de Anza finds the site for the Presidio of San Francisco.






• In 1794 on this day during the French Revolution,  the Musée du Louvre (Louvre Museum) in Paris opened to the public (although it had been officially opened since August).

• On this day in 1794 during the French Revolution, the Allies under the Prince of Coburg defeated the French forces at Le Cateau.

• The partitions of Poland took place on this day in 1795, as the Duchy of Courland, a northern fief of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ceased to exist and became part of Imperial Russia.

1796 - Bethel African Methodist Church of Phila is 1st US-African church

• On this day in 1797, Nathaniel Briggs of New Hampshire patented a washing machine.

1799 - NY State abolished slavery
1802 - Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus Olbers discovers 2 Pallas, the second asteroid known to man.

• The American state of Ohio passed law on this day in 1804 restricting the movement of blacks.

1809 - Peninsular War: France defeats Spain in the Battle of Medelin.


 

A model of the infamous guillotine, the execution by beheading device which was known in France as the "National Razor" during the Revolution.


 On this day in 1814, a funeral was held for Guillotin, the inventor and namesake of the infamous execution device, which took place outside of Paris, France. Guillotin had what he felt were the purest motives for inventing the guillotine and was deeply distressed at how his reputation had become besmirched in the aftermath. Guillotin had bestowed the deadly contraption on the French as a "philanthropic gesture" for the systematic criminal justice reform that was taking place in 1789. The machine was intended to show the intellectual and social progress of the Revolution; by killing aristocrats and journeymen the same way, equality in death was ensured.     The first use of the guillotine was on April 25 1792, when Nicolas Pelletier was put to death for armed robbery and assault in Place de Greve. The newspapers reported that guillotine was not an immediate sensation. The crowds seemed to miss the gallows at first. However, it quickly caught on with the public and many thought it brought dignity back to the executioner.    However, the prestige of the guillotine fell precipitously due to its frequent use in the French Terror following the Revolution. It became the focal point of the awful political executions and was so closely identified with the terrible abuses of the time that it was perceived as partially responsible for the excesses itself. Still, it was used sporadically in France into the 20th century.

1834 - Senate censure President Jackson for taking fed deposits from Bank of US
1844 - Jose Zorilla's "Don Juan Tenorio," premieres in Madrid
1845 - Mexico drops diplomatic relations with US


• The Crimean War began on this day in 1854 as Great Britain and France declared war on Russia.  


1859 - 1st performance of John Brahms' 1st Serenade for orchestra
1860 - First Taranaki War: The Battle of Waireka begins.
1862 - Skirmish at Bealeton Station, Virginia
1866 - 1st ambulance goes into service
1871 - SF Art Association holds open reception at 430 Pine
1881 - Greatest Show On Earth was formed by PT Barnum & James A Bailey
1885 - US Salvation Army officially organized
1891 - 1st world weightlifting championship held
1896 - The opera "Andrea Chenier" is produced (Milan)
1902 - 27.9 cm precipitation at McMinnville, Tennessee (state record)
1905 - Paramaribo-Dam railway opens in Suriname, never used
1910 - 1st seaplane, takes off from water at Martinques France (Henri Fabre)
1913 - Guatemala becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty.
1917 - Jews are expelled from Tel Aviv & Jaffa by Turkish authorities
1917 - Puccini's "La Rondine," premieres in Monte Carlo
1920 - Thomas Masaryk elected president of Czechoslovakia
1920 - Palm Sunday tornado outbreak of 1920 affects the Great Lakes region and Deep South states.
1922 - 1st microfilm device introduced
1922 - Stanley Cup: Toronto St Pats (NHL) beat Vancouver Millionaires (PCHA), 3 games to 2
1924 - WGN-AM in Chicago IL begins radio transmissions
1927 - Majestic Theater opens at 245 W 44th St NYC
1929 - Democratic constitution goes into effect in Ecuador
1930 - 1st performance of Walter Piston's Suite for orchestra (Boston)

• In 1930 on this day, the cities of Constantinople & Angora changed their names to Istanbul & Ankara.



• On this day in 1933, the German Reichstag confered dictatorial powers on Adolf Hitler.

1935 - Robert Goddard uses gyroscopes to control a rocket
1939 - Dutch hunter shoots English bombers down
1939 - Philip Barry's "Philadelphia Story," premieres in NYC
1939 - Renaissance Big 5 win 1st pro basketball championship




Flag of Spain



 On this day in 1939, the Spanish Civil War ended as the Republican defenders of Madrid, the national capital, raised the white flag over the city to the forces of Francisco Franco, bringing to an end the bloody three-year Spanish Civil War.    In 1931, Spanish King Alfonso XIII approved elections to decide the government of Spain, and voters overwhelmingly chose to abolish the monarchy in favor of a liberal republic. Alfonso subsequently went into exile, and the Second Republic, initially dominated by middle-class liberals and moderate socialists, was proclaimed. During the first five years of the Republic, organized labor and leftist radicals forced widespread liberal reforms, and the independence-minded Spanish regions of Catalonia and the Basque provinces achieved virtual autonomy.    The landed aristocracy, the church, and a large military clique increasingly employed violence in their opposition to the Second Republic, and in July 1936 General Francisco Franco led a right-wing army revolt in Morocco, which prompted the division of Spain into two key camps: the Nationalists and the Republicans. Franco's Nationalist forces rapidly overran much of the Republican-controlled areas in central and northern Spain, and Catalonia became a key Republican stronghold.    During 1937, Franco unified the Nationalist forces under the command of the Falange, Spain's fascist party, while the Republicans fell under the sway of the communists. Germany and Italy aided Franco with an abundance of planes, tanks, and arms, while the Soviet Union aided the Republican side. In addition, small numbers of communists and other radicals from France, the USSR, America, and elsewhere formed the International Brigades to aid the Republican cause. The most significant contribution of these foreign units was the successful defense of Madrid until the end of the war.    In June 1938, the Nationalists drove to the Mediterranean Sea and cut Republican territory in two. Later in the year, Franco mounted a major offensive against Catalonia. In January 1939, its capital, Barcelona, was captured, and soon after the rest of Catalonia fell. With the Republican cause all but lost, its leaders attempted to negotiate a peace, but Franco refused. On March 28, 1939, the victorious Nationalists entered Madrid in triumph, and the Spanish Civil War came to an end. Up to a million lives were lost in the conflict, the most devastating in Spanish history.


1940 - Construction begins of the exhibition center to host the Thessaloniki International Trade Fair.
1941 - Sea battle at Cape Matapan: Brit fleet under Cunningham defeats Italy
1942 - -29] 234 RAF bombers attack Lubeck
1942 - 4th NCAA Men's Basketball Championship: Stanford beats Dartmouth 53-38
1942 - British naval forces raid Nazi occupied French port of St Nazaire
1942 - Raid on lock/dock St Nazaire
1944 - 6th NCAA Men's Basketball Championship: Utah defeats Dartmouth 42-40
1944 - Astrid Lindgren sprains ankle & begins writing Pippi Longstocking
1944 - NBA rookie of the year in 1966, Rick Barry
Spanish Dictator and General Francisco FrancoSpanish Dictator and General Francisco Franco 

• The last German V-1 (buzz bomb) attack on London took place on this day in 1945 during the latter stages of World War II.

1946 - Cold War: The United States State Department releases the Acheson-Lilienthal Report, outlining a plan for the international control of nuclear power.
1948 - 2nd Tony Awards: Mister Roberts win
1950 - 12th NCAA Men's Basketball Championship: CCNY beats Bradley 71-68 NYC college becomes 1st to win NCAA & Natl Inv Basketball in same year
1952 - US Ladies Figure Skating championship won by Tenley Albright
1952 - US Mens Figure Skating championship won by Richard Button
1953 - "New Faces (of 1952)" closes at Royale Theater NYC after 365 perfs
1953 - "Stock exchanges open, dikes closed" raises 5,200,000 gulden
1953 - 7th Tony Awards: Crucible & Wonderful Town win
1953 - KCAU TV channel 9 in Sioux City, IA (ABC) begins broadcasting
1953 - US Ladies Figure Skating championship won by Tenley Albright
1953 - US Mens Figure Skating championship won by Hayes A Jenkins
1954 - 8th Tony Awards: Teahouse of the August Moon & Kismet win
1954 - Louise Suggs wins LPGA Betsy Rawls Golf Open
1954 - WKAQ TV channel 2 in San Juan, PR (TM) begins broadcasting
1955 - NZ cricket all out for 26 v England at Eden Park
1957 - 1st National Curling Championship held
1959 - 11 days after Tibet uprising, China dissolves Tibet's government & installs Panchen Lama
1960 - Pope John raises the 1st Japanese, 1st African & 1st Filipino cardinal
1960 - Scotch factory explodes burying 20 fire fighters (Glasgow Scotland)
1962 - Devastating 8 for 6 spell by Gibbs gives WI cricket victory over India
1962 - Military coup in Syria, President Nazim al-Kudsi flees



On this day in 1963, the Titans became the New York Jets 

• On this day in 1963, the AFL's New York Titans became the New York Jets.

1964 - 1st pirate radio station near England (Radio Caroline)
1964 - 9.2 earthquake shakes Prince William Sound, Alaska
1965 - Jo Ann Prentice wins LPGA All State Ladies' Golf Invitational
1967 - "Sherry!" opens at Alvin Theater NYC for 65 performances
1967 - UN Sect General U Thant makes public proposals for peace in Vietnam
1969 - Pope Paul VI names JGM Willebrands cardinal
1969 - Greek poet and Nobel Prize laureate Giorgos Seferis makes a famous statement on the BBC World Service opposing the junta in Greece.



General Dwight Eisenhower, 34th President of the United States


 President Dwight Eisenhower died on this day in 1969.      Dwight D. Eisenhower, the 34th president of the United States and one of the most highly regarded American generals of World War II, dies in Washington, D.C., at the age of 78.    Born in Denison, Texas, in 1890, Eisenhower graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1915, and after World War I he steadily rose in the peacetime ranks of the U.S. Army. After the U.S. entrance into World War II, he was appointed commanding general of the European theater of operations and oversaw U.S. troops massing in Great Britain. In 1942, Eisenhower, who had never commanded troops in the field, was put in charge of Operation Torch, the Anglo-American landings in Morocco and Algeria.    As supreme commander of a mixed force of Allied nationalities, services, and equipment, Eisenhower designed a system of unified command and rapidly won the respect of his British and Canadian subordinates. From North Africa, he successfully directed the invasions of Tunisia, Sicily, and Italy, and in January 1944 was appointed supreme Allied commander of Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of northwestern Europe. Although Eisenhower left much of the specific planning for the actual Allied landing in the hands of his capable staff, such as British Field Marshall Montgomery, he served as a brilliant organizer and administrator both before and after the successful invasion.    After the war, he briefly served as president of Columbia University before returning to military service in 1951 as supreme commander of the combined land and air forces of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Pressure on Eisenhower to run for U.S. president was great, however, and in the spring of 1952 he relinquished his NATO command to run for president on the Republican ticket.    In November 1952, "Ike" won a resounding victory in the presidential elections and in 1956 was reelected in a landslide. A popular president, he oversaw a period of great economic growth in the United States and deftly navigated the country through increasing Cold War tension on the world stage. In 1961, he retired with his wife, Mamie Doud Eisenhower, to his farm in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. He died in 1969 and was buried on a family plot in Abilene, Kansas.

1970 - 1,086 die when 7.4 quake destroys 254 villages (Gediz Turkey)
1971 - 25th Tony Awards: Sleuth & Company win
1972 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1972 - Wilt Chamberlain plays his last pro basketball game
1974 - Rock group Raspberries breakup
1975 - Wash Caps win 1st game on road after 37 straight road loses also
1977 - 39th NCAA Men's Basketball Championship: Marquette beats NC 67-59
Actress Faye DunawayActress Faye Dunaway 1977 - 49th Academy Awards - "Rocky," Peter Finch & Faye Dunaway win
1977 - Morarji Desai forms government in India
1979 - British government of Callaghan falls
1979 - Lazarus & Vosburgh's "Day in Hollywood & night in Ukraine," premieres


 On this day in 1979, there was a major nuclear accident at Three Mile Island in Middletown, Pennsylvania. At 4 a.m. on March 28, 1979, the worst accident in the history of the U.S. nuclear power industry begins when a pressure valve in the Unit-2 reactor at Three Mile Island fails to close. Cooling water, contaminated with radiation, drained from the open valve into adjoining buildings, and the core began to dangerously overheat.    The Three Mile Island nuclear power plant was built in 1974 on a sandbar on Pennsylvania's Susquehanna River, just 10 miles downstream from the state capitol in Harrisburg. In 1978, a second state-of-the-art reactor began operating on Three Mile Island, which was lauded for generating affordable and reliable energy in a time of energy crises.    After the cooling water began to drain out of the broken pressure valve on the morning of March 28, 1979, emergency cooling pumps automatically went into operation. Left alone, these safety devices would have prevented the development of a larger crisis. However, human operators in the control room misread confusing and contradictory readings and shut off the emergency water system. The reactor was also shut down, but residual heat from the fission process was still being released. By early morning, the core had heated to over 4,000 degrees, just 1,000 degrees short of meltdown. In the meltdown scenario, the core melts, and deadly radiation drifts across the countryside, fatally sickening a potentially great number of people.    As the plant operators struggled to understand what had happened, the contaminated water was releasing radioactive gases throughout the plant. The radiation levels, though not immediately life-threatening, were dangerous, and the core cooked further as the contaminated water was contained and precautions were taken to protect the operators. Shortly after 8 a.m., word of the accident leaked to the outside world. The plant's parent company, Metropolitan Edison, downplayed the crisis and claimed that no radiation had been detected off plant grounds, but the same day inspectors detected slightly increased levels of radiation nearby as a result of the contaminated water leak. Pennsylvania Governor Dick Thornburgh considered calling an evacuation.    Finally, at about 8 p.m., plant operators realized they needed to get water moving through the core again and restarted the pumps. The temperature began to drop, and pressure in the reactor was reduced. The reactor had come within less than an hour of a complete meltdown. More than half the core was destroyed or molten, but it had not broken its protective shell, and no radiation was escaping. The crisis was apparently over.    Two days later, however, on March 30, a bubble of highly flammable hydrogen gas was discovered within the reactor building. The bubble of gas was created two days before when exposed core materials reacted with super-heated steam. On March 28, some of this gas had exploded, releasing a small amount of radiation into the atmosphere. At that time, plant operators had not registered the explosion, which sounded like a ventilation door closing. After the radiation leak was discovered on March 30, residents were advised to stay indoors. Experts were uncertain if the hydrogen bubble would create further meltdown or possibly a giant explosion, and as a precaution Governor Thornburgh advised "pregnant women and pre-school age children to leave the area within a five-mile radius of the Three Mile Island facility until further notice." This led to the panic the governor had hoped to avoid; within days, more than 100,000 people had fled surrounding towns.    On April 1, President Jimmy Carter arrived at Three Mile Island to inspect the plant. Carter, a trained nuclear engineer, had helped dismantle a damaged Canadian nuclear reactor while serving in the U.S. Navy. His visit achieved its aim of calming local residents and the nation. That afternoon, experts agreed that the hydrogen bubble was not in danger of exploding. Slowly, the hydrogen was bled from the system as the reactor cooled.    At the height of the crisis, plant workers were exposed to unhealthy levels of radiation, but no one outside Three Mile Island had their health adversely affected by the accident. Nonetheless, the incident greatly eroded the public's faith in nuclear power. The unharmed Unit-1 reactor at Three Mile Island, which was shut down during the crisis, did not resume operation until 1985. Cleanup continued on Unit-2 until 1990, but it was too damaged to be rendered usable again. In the more than two decades since the accident at Three Mile Island, not a single new nuclear power plant has been ordered in the United States.

1981 - Christa Rothenburger skates ladies world record 500 m 40.18 sec)
1981 - France performs nuclear test
1981 - Gabi Schonbrunn skates ladies world record 3 km (4:21.70)
1981 - Viv Richards scores century in the 1st Test at his home Antigua
1981 - Yevgeni Kulikov skates world record 500m (36.91 secs)
1982 - 12th Easter Seal Telethon raises $19,500,000
1982 - 1st NCAA Women's Basketball Championship: LA Tech beats Cheney 76-62
1982 - Amy Alcott wins LPGA Women's Kemper Golf Open
1982 - JN Duartes christian-democrats win elections in El Salvador



In 1984 on this day, the Baltimore Colts relocated and became the Indianapolis Colts

 The NFL's Baltimore Colts moved to Indianapolis on this day in 1984 as Bob Irsay (1923-1997), owner of the once-mighty Baltimore Colts, moved the team overnight. Without any sort of public announcement, Irsay hired movers to pack up the team's offices in Owings Mills, Maryland, in the middle of the night, while the city of Baltimore slept.    Robert Irsay gained control of the Colts in 1972 when he essentially traded his ownership in the Los Angeles Rams with Carol Rosenbloom, then the owner of the Colts franchise. The Colts, led by quarterback Johnny Unitas, halfback Lenny Moore and defensive linemen Gino Marchetti and Art Donovan, had been the best team in the NFL in the late 1950s and had come to embody the working class spirit of Baltimore. The players lived among the fans, worked alongside the fans in the off-season and performed with evident pride in their adopted city. It wasn't until Irsay purchased the team that the franchise began its downward spiral. After winning Super Bowl V in 1971, the Colts had a few winning years, but by the late 1970s, the franchise was so bad that when future Hall of Fame quarterback John Elway was drafted number one overall by the Colts out of Stanford in 1983, he refused to report to the team, saying he would play baseball for the New York Yankees instead. The Colts were forced to trade Elway to the Denver Broncos.    To make matters worse for the Colts, Irsay was by most accounts a difficult boss--he was infamous for his temper and was known to angrily lash out at players and employees. In 1984, Irsay asked the city of Baltimore to pay for improvements to Memorial Stadium, where the Colts played. But, here again, his irascibility may have gotten in the way. Although the two sides told different stories of what went on in the negotiations, it did not go well by any account, and on March 28, the Maryland state legislature passed a law allowing they city of Baltimore to seize the Colts from Irsay. Rather than give up his team, Irsay quickly took a deal offered by the city of Indianapolis and moved the Colts before anyone knew what had happened. Baltimore fans were stunned, and the Colts marching band, long a fixture at games, defiantly continued to perform in the city.    Football did not return to the Charm City until 1996, when Cleveland Browns owner Art Modell (1925-2012 ), in a dispute with the city of Cleveland over the stadium the Browns played in, agreed to move the Browns to Baltimore in return for a brand-new stadium built with taxpayer money. Although the Browns had enjoyed many years of success and rabid fan support while in Cleveland, Modell claimed that financial hardship forced his hand. The Browns were renamed the Baltimore Ravens after the poem "The Raven," penned by Baltimore native Edgar Allen Poe. Under the leadership of General Manager Ozzie Newsome, a Browns Hall of Famer, the franchise has seen consistent success in Baltimore, including victory in Super Bowl XXXV in 2001, with many players that had actually been drafted as Browns. Art Modell, however, is now as reviled a man in Cleveland as Bob Irsay was in Baltimore. He sold controlling interest in the team in 2003.  

1985 - International Cometary Explorer measures solar wind ahead of Halley
1985 - Neil Simon's "Biloxi Blues," premieres in NYC
1985 - STS 51-D vehicle moves to launch pad
1986 - Extremist Sikhs kill 13 hindus in Ludhiana India
1986 - John N McMahon, ends term as deputy director of CIA
1987 - Stacking of Discovery's SRBs gets underway
1989 - New Zealand wins America's Cup over Stars & Stripes, in a NY court
1990 - Bengal beat Delhi in rained-out cricket Ranji Trophy final on quotient
Basketball Superstar Michael JordanBasketball Superstar Michael Jordan 1990 - Michael Jordan scores 69 points, 4th time he scores 60 pts in a game
1990 - President Bush awards Jesse Owen the Congressional Gold Medal
1991 - Mike Tyson admits paternity to Kimberly Scarborough's son
1992 - 6th American Comedy Award: Cathy Ladman, Judy Watkins, Billy Crystal
1992 - Ann Transon runs female world record 50k (3:35:31)
1992 - PBA National Championship Won by Eric Forkel
1993 - 13th Golden Raspberry Awards: Shining Through wins
1993 - 22nd Nabisco Dinah Shore Golf Championship won by Helen Alfredsson
1993 - Conservatives win French parliamentary election
1993 - Type II supernova detected in M81 (NGC 3031)



This was a picture (which I have since cropped) of the new South Africa flag of the post-apartheid era. I actually took this one at the apartheid museum, as this was the final display, if you will, of the museum, the symbol of the emergence of a "new South Africa."


 On this day in 1994, with South Africa's first multiracial elections fast approaching, an outbreak of violence between Zulus and African National Congress supporters took the lives of 18 in Johannesburg.  




1994 - Italy's right-wing alliance under Silvio Berlusconi wins election
1994 - BBC Radio Five Live broadcasts for first time in United Kingdom
1995 - Julia Roberts & Lyle Lovette split-up
1995 - Queensland beat S Aust to win 1st ever cricket Sheffield Shield
Actress Julia RobertsActress Julia Roberts 1995 - World's largest bank-Japan's Mitsubishi Bank & Bank of Tokyo merge
1996 - "Seven Guitars," opens at Walter Kerr Theater NYC
1996 - Katie Beam, 17, of Oklahoma, crowned 35th Miss Teenage America
1997 - "City" soap opera's final episode on ABC-TV


 On this day in 1999, Paraguay's President Raúl Cubas Grau resigned after protests inspired by the assassination of Vice-President Luis María Argaña on March 23. The nation's Congress had accused Cubas and his political associate, Gen. Lino César Oviedo, for Cubas' murder. Senate President Luis González Macchi took office as Paraguay's new chief executive.  


1999 - 18th NCAA Women's Basketball Championship: at San Jose
2000 - A Murray County, Georgia, school bus is hit by a CSX freight train (3 children die in this accident).
2003 - In a "friendly fire" incident, two A-10 Thunderbolt II attack aircraft from the United States Idaho Air National Guard's 190th Fighter Squadron attack British tanks participating in the 2003 invasion of Iraq, killing British soldier Matty Hull.
2005 - The 2005 Sumatran earthquake rocks Indonesia, and at magnitude 8.7 is the second strongest earthquake since 1960.
2006 - At least 1 million union members, students and unemployed take to the streets in France in protest at the government's proposed First Employment Contract law.
2013 - 143 rebels and 20 government troop are killed in conflict in Pibor County, Sudan
2013 - 15 students are killed and 7 are injured after a mortar strikes Damascus University
2013 - Pope Francis becomes the first Pope to wash the feet of women in the Maundy Thursday service




1774 - Britain passed the Coercive Act against Massachusetts.   1797 - Nathaniel Briggs patented a washing machine.   1834 - The U.S. Senate voted to censure President Jackson for the removal of federal deposits from the Bank of the United States.   1854 - The Crimean War began with Britain and France declaring war on Russia.   1864 - A group of Copperheads attack Federal soldiers in Charleston, IL. Five were killed and twenty were wounded.   1865 - Outdoor advertising legislation was enacted in New York. The law banned "painting on stones, rocks and trees."   1885 - The Salvation Army was officially organized in the U.S.   1898 - The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a child born in the U.S. to Chinese immigrants was a U.S. citizen. This meant that they could not be deported under the Chinese Exclusion Act.   1903 - Anatole France's "Crainquebille" premiered in Paris.   1905 - The U.S. took full control over Dominican revenues.   1908 - Automobile owners lobbied the U.S. Congress, supporting a bill that called for vehicle licensing and federal registration.   1910 - The first seaplane took off from water at Martinques, France. The pilot was Henri Fabre.   1911 - In New York, suffragists performed the political play "Pageant of Protest."   1917 - During World War I the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) was founded.   1921 - U.S. President Warren Harding named William Howard Taft as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court.   1922 - Bradley A. Fiske patented a microfilm reading device.   1930 - Constantinople and Angora changed their names to Istanbul and Ankara respectively.   1933 - In Germany, the Nazis ordered a ban on all Jews in businesses, professions and schools.   1938 - In Italy, psychiatrists demonstrated the use of electric-shock therapy for treatment of certain mental illnesses.   1939 - The Spanish Civil War ended as Madrid fell to Francisco Franco.   1941 - The Italian fleet was defeated by the British at the Battle of Matapan.   1942 - British naval forces raided the Nazi occupied French port of St. Nazaire.   1945 - Germany launched the last of the V-2 rockets against England.   1947 - The American Helicopter Society revealed a flying device that could be strapped to a person's body.   1962 - The U.S. Air Force announced research into the use of lasers to intercept missiles and satellites.   1963 - Sonny Werblin announced that the New York Titans of the American Football League was changing its name to the New York Jets. (NFL)   1967 - Raymond Burr starred in a TV movie titled "Ironside." The movie was later turned into a television series.   1968 - The U.S. lost its first F-111 aircraft in Vietnam when it vanished while on a combat mission. North Vietnam claimed that they had shot it down.   1974 - A streaker ran onto the set of "The Tonight Show starring Johnny Carson."   1979 - A major accident occurred at Pennsylvania's Three Mile Island nuclear power plant. A nuclear power reactor overheated and suffered a partial meltdown.   1981 - In Bangkok, Thailand, Indonesian terrorists hijacked an airplane. Four of the five terrorists were killed on March 31.   1986 - The U.S. Senate passed $100 million aid package for the Nicaraguan contras.   1986 - More than 6,000 radio stations of all format varieties played "We are the World" simultaneously at 10:15 a.m. EST.   1990 - Jesse Owens received the Congressional Gold Medal from U.S. President George H.W. Bush.   1990 - In Britain, a joint Anglo-U.S. "sting" operation ended with the seizure of 40 capacitors, which can be used in the trigger mechanism of a nuclear weapon.   1991 - The U.S. embassy in Moscow was severely damaged by fire.   1994 - Violence between Zulus and African National Congress supporters took the lives of 18 in Johannesburg.   1999 - Paraguay's President Raúl Cubas Grau resigned after protests inspired by the assassination of Vice-President Luis María Argaña on March 23. The nation's Congress had accused Cubas and his political associate, Gen. Lino César Oviedo, for Cubas' murder. Senate President Luis González Macchi took office as Paraguay's new chief executive.   2002 - The exhibit "The Italians: Three Centuries of Italian Art" opened at the National Gallery of Australia.   2010 - China's Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co. signed a deal to buy Ford Motor Co.'s Volvo car unit.



1797 Nathaniel Briggs patented a washing machine. 1930 The cities of Constantinople and Angora changed names to Istanbul and Ankara, Turkey. 1939 The Spanish Civil War ended. 1941 Author Virginia Woolf drowned herself. 1979 Nuclear power plant accident at Three Mile Island, near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. 2000 Supreme Court rules unanimously that an anonymous tip does not justify a stop-and-frisk action against a person.   Read more: This Day in History: March 28 | Infoplease.com http://www.infoplease.com/dayinhistory#ixzz2xFqeMbCU


The following links are to web sites that were used to complete this blog entry:

http://www.historyorb.com/today/events.php

http://on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/mar28.htm


http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history

http://www.infoplease.com/dayinhistory