http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history
Feb 6, 1778: Franco-American alliances signed
During the American War for Independence, representatives from the United States and France sign the Treaty of Amity and Commerce and the Treaty of Alliance in Paris.
The Treaty of Amity and Commerce recognized the United States as an independent nation and encouraged trade between France and the America, while the Treaty of Alliance provided for a military alliance against Great Britain, stipulating that the absolute independence of the United States be recognized as a condition for peace and that France would be permitted to conquer the British West Indies.
With the treaties, the first entered into by the U.S. government, the Bourbon monarchy of France formalized its commitment to assist the American colonies in their struggle against France's old rival, Great Britain. The eagerness of the French to help the United States was motivated both by an appreciation of the American revolutionaries' democratic ideals and by bitterness at having lost most of their American empire to the British at the conclusion of the French and Indian Wars in 1763.
In 1776, the Continental Congress appointed Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee to a diplomatic commission to secure a formal alliance with France. Covert French aid began filtering into the colonies soon after the outbreak of hostilities in 1775, but it was not until the American victory at the Battle of Saratoga in October 1777 that the French became convinced that the Americans were worth backing in a formal treaty.
On February 6, 1778, the treaties of Amity and Commerce and Alliance were signed, and in May 1778 the Continental Congress ratified them. One month later, war between Britain and France formally began when a British squadron fired on two French ships. During the American Revolution, French naval fleets proved critical in the defeat of the British, which culminated in the Battle of Yorktown in October 1781.
Here's a more detailed look at events that transpired on this date throughout history:
Feb 6, 1937: Of Mice and Men is published
On this day, John Steinbeck's novella Of Mice and Men, the story of the bond between two migrant workers, is published. He adapted the book into a three-act play, which was produced the same year. The story brought national attention to Steinbeck's work, which had started to catch on in 1935 with the publication of his first successful novel, Tortilla Flat.
Steinbeck was born and raised in the Salinas Valley, where his father was a county official and his mother a former schoolteacher. A good student and president of his senior class in high school, Steinbeck attended Stanford intermittently in the early 1920s. In 1925, he moved to New York City, where he worked as a manual laborer and a journalist while writing stories and novels. His first two novels were not successful.
In 1930, he married Carol Henning, the first of his three wives, and moved to Pacific Grove, California. Steinbeck's father gave the couple a house and a small income while Steinbeck continued to write. His third novel, Tortilla Flat (1935), was a critical and financial success, as were such subsequent books as In Dubious Battle (1935) and Of Mice and Men (1937), both of which offered social commentaries on injustices of various types.
In 1939, Steinbeck won the Pulitzer Prize for The Grapes of Wrath, a novel tracing a fictional Oklahoma family as they lose their family farm in the Depression and move to California seeking a better life.
His work after World War II, including Cannery Row and The Pearl, continued to offer social criticism but became more sentimental. Steinbeck tried his hand at movie scripts in the 1940s, writing successful films like Forgotten Village (1941) and Viva Zapata (1952). He also took up the serious study of marine biology and published a nonfiction book, The Sea of Cortez, in 1941. His 1962 nonfiction book, Travels with Charlie, describes his travels across the United States in a camper truck with his poodle, Charlie. Steinbeck won the Nobel Prize in 1962 and died in New York in 1968.
The following links are to web sites that were used to complete this blog entry:
337 - St Julius I begins his reign as Catholic Pope
1189 - Riots in Lynn, Norfolk (England) spread to Norwich
1508 - Maximilian I crowned Holy Roman Emperor
1577 - King Henri de Bourbon of Navarra becomes leader of
Huguenots
1626 - Huguenot rebels & French sign Peace of La
Rochelle
1651 - -7] Cardinal Mazarin flees Paris
1685 - Duke of York becomes King James II of England and VII
of Scotland upon the death of his brother Charles II.
1693 - Royal charter granted College of William & Mary,
Williamsburg, Va
1716 - England & Netherlands renew alliance
1778 - Britain declares war on France
1778 - France recognizes USA, signs treaty of aid in Paris;
1st US treaty
1788 - Massachusetts becomes 6th state to ratify
constitution
1815 - NJ issues 1st US railroad charter (John Stevens)
1819 - Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles founds freeport harbor
Singapore
1820 - 1st organized emigration of blacks back to Africa (NY
to Sierra Leone)
1820 - US population announced at 9,638,453 (1,771,656
blacks (18.4%))
1820 - The first 86 African American immigrants sponsored by
the American Colonization Society started a settlement in present-day Liberia.
1832 - 1st appearance of cholera in Edinburgh, Scotland
1832 - US ship destroys Sumatran village in retaliation for
piracy
Naturalist Charles DarwinNaturalist Charles Darwin 1836 -
HMS Beagle/Charles Darwin reach Diemen's Land (Tasmania)
1840 - The Treaty of Waitangi is signed between 40 Māori
Chiefs (later signed by 500) and representatives of the British crown in
Waitangi, New Zealand. The treaty was designed to share sovereignty between the
two groups.
1843 - The first minstrel show in the United States The
Virginia Minstrels opens (Bowery Amphitheatre in New York City).
1851 - Robert Schumann's 3rd Symphony "Rhenisch,"
premieres in Dusseldorf
1854 - Composer R Schumann is saved from suicide attempt
into the Rhine
1861 - 1st meeting of Provisional Congress of Confederate
States of America
1861 - British Vice-Admiral Robert Fitzroy issues first
storm warnings for ships
1862 - General Ulysses S. Grant captures Fort Henry in
Tennessee
1862 - American Civil Was; naval engagement on Tennessee
River-USS Conestago vs CSS Appleton Belle
1862 - Ulysses S. Grant begins military campaign in
Mississippi
1864 - -7] Skirmish at Barnett's Ford Virginia
1865 - 2nd day of battle at Dabney's Mills (Hatcher's Run)
1865 - Robert E. Lee appointed Confederate General in Chief
1867 - Peabody Fund forms to promote Black education in
southern USA
1869 - Harper's Weekly publishes 1st picture of Uncle Sam
with chin whiskers
Confederate General Robert E. LeeConfederate General Robert
E. Lee 1891 - 1st great train robbery by Dalton Gang (Southern Pacific #17)
1899 - Spanish-American War ends, peace treaty ratified by
Senate
1900 - The Battle of Vaal Krantz , South Africa (Boers vs
British army)
1902 - Young Women's Hebrew Association organizes in NYC
1904 - Russian-Japanese war began
1911 - 1st old-age home opened in Prescott, Arizona
1911 - Great fire destroys downtown Constantinople
(Istanbul, Turkey)
1918 - Britain grants women (30 & over) vote
1919 - 1st day of 5-day Seattle general strike
1920 - Saarland administrated by League of Nations
1921 - "The Kid," starring Charlie Chaplin &
Jackie Coogan, released
1922 - Cardinal Achille Ratti elected Pope Pius XI
1922 - US, UK, France, Italy & Japan sign Washington
naval arms limitation
1926 - NFL rules college students ineligible until college
classes graduates
1926 - St Louis Browns acquire catcher Wally Schang from NY
Yankees
Comedian/Actor/Filmaker Charlie ChaplinComedian/Actor/Filmaker
Charlie Chaplin 1929 - Rudy Vallee recorded "Deep Night"
1932 - 1st Olympic dog sled race, Lake Placid, NY
(demonstration sport)
1932 - Fascist coup in the Memel territory
1933 - -90°F (-68°C), Oymyakon, USSR (Asian record)
1933 - 112 ft ocean wave observed near Manila
1933 - 20th Amendment to the US Constitution goes into
effect: Pres term begins in Jan not March
1933 - Highest recorded sea wave (not tsunami), 34 m, in
Pacific hurricane
1933 - Pres von Hindenburg & von Papen ends Prussian
parliament
1934 - Reds purchase 43-year-old Dazzy Vance from the Cards
for $7,500
1934 - Far right leagues rally in front of the Palais
Bourbon in an attempted coup against the French Third Republic, creating a
political crisis in France.
1935 - "Monopoly" board game goes on sale for 1st
time
1935 - 1st election to allow women to vote in Turkey
1936 - 4th Winter Olympic games open in
Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
1936 - Pravda criticizes Shostakovitch' ballet "Clear
Brook"
1937 - K Elizabeth Ohi becomes 1st Japanese-US female lawyer
1939 - Spanish government flees to France
1941 - Auke Adema wins 6th official Dutch 11 Cities Skating
Race (9:19)
1941 - Battle of Beda Fomm: Italian 10th army destroyed
1941 - British troops conquer Bengazi, Libya
1943 - 1st Spitfire in action above Darwin, Australia, Mu
Ki-46 shot down
Singer/Actor Frank SinatraSinger/Actor Frank Sinatra 1943 -
Singer Frank Sinatra debuts on radio's "Your Hit Parade"
1945 - US 8th Air Force bombs Magdeburg/Chemnitz
1945 - Russian Red Army crosses the river Oder
1946 - "Lute Song" opens at Plymouth Theater NYC
for 142 performances
1947 - Compton & Arthur Morris both complete dual tons
in same Test Cricket
1948 - 1st radio-controlled airplane flown
1948 - Bradman retires hurt, 57 in his last Test Cricket
innings in Australia
1948 - KNXT (now KCBS) TV channel 2 in Los Angeles, CA (CBS)
1st broadcast
1951 - "Broker Special" train crashes in
Woodbridge NJ, killing 84
1951 - Radio commentator Paul Harvey arrested for trying to
sneak into Argonne National Laboratory, a nuclear test site located 20 miles
(32 km) west of Chicago
1951 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site Argonne
Atomic Lab (Ill), to demonstrate lax in security
1952 - Queen Elizabeth II succeeds King George VI to the
British throne
1953 - Ian Craig makes Test Cricket debut at 17 yrs 239
days, youngest Aussie
1953 - US controls on wages & some consumer goods lifted
1956 - Chicago's Daily Defender, begins publishing
Queen of the United Kingdom Elizabeth IIQueen of the United
Kingdom Elizabeth II 1956 - French premier Guy Mollet pelted with tomatoes in
Algiers
1956 - U of Alabama refuses admission to Autherine Lucy
(because he's black)
1958 - Ted Williams signs with Red Sox for $135,000, making
him highest paid
1959 - 1st successful test-fire of Titan ICBM
1959 - Fidel Castro is interviewed by Edward R Murrow
1961 - "Jail, No Bail" Jail-in movement starts in
Rock Hill SC
1961 - KOAP TV channel 10 in Portland, OR (PBS) begins
broadcasting
1962 - Schoolman Athletic Field in the Bronx named
1964 - "Rugantino" opens at Mark Hellinger Theater
NYC for 28 performances
1964 - France & Great-Britain sign accord over building
channel tunnel
1964 - WCIU TV channel 26 in Chicago, IL (IND) begins broadcasting
1965 - "Kelly" opens & closes at Broadhurst
Theater NYC
1965 - Righteous Brothers "You've Lost That Lovin'
Feelin'" hits #1
1967 - Cultural Revolution in Albania
1967 - Muhammad Ali TKOs Ernie Terrell in 15 for heavyweight
boxing title
Heavyweight Boxing Champion Muhammad AliHeavyweight Boxing
Champion Muhammad Ali 1968 - 10th Winter Olympic games opens in Grenoble,
France
1968 - Dutch 2nd Chamber condemns US bombing of North
Vietnam
1968 - Former Pres Dwight Eisenhower shot a hole-in-one
1968 - KESD TV channel 8 in Brookings, SD (PBS) begins
broadcasting
1969 - "Dear World" opens at Mark Hellinger
Theater NYC for 132 performances
1969 - Jerry Herman's "Dear World," premieres in
NYC
1970 - Graeme Pollock completes 274 v Australia at Durban
1970 - NBA expands to 18 teams with Buffalo, Cleveland,
Houston & Portland
1971 - 1st time a golf ball is hit on Moon (by Alan Shepard)
1973 - "Shelter" opens at John Golden Theater NYC
for 31 performances
1973 - 40,000 civil servants demonstrate against higher
pension contribution
1973 - 6th ABA All-Star Game: West 123 beats East 111 at
Utah
1973 - Bernice Fekete skips her curling rink to 2nd straight
8-ender, Edm
1974 - 3rd time Rangers shut-out Islanders 6-0
1974 - Dutch speed limit set at 100km due to oil crisis
1974 - US House of Reps begins determining grounds for
impeachment of Nixon
1975 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1976 - George Harrison releases "This Guitar (Can't
Keep From Crying)"
1977 - 4th time Rangers shut-out Islanders 4-0
1977 - Alain Prieur jumps his motorcycle 65 m over 16 buses,
near Paris
1977 - Harley Race beats Terry Funk in Toronto, to become
NWA wrestling champ
1978 - Muriel, wife of late Hubert Humphrey (Sen-D-Minn)
takes his office
1978 - Snowstorm hits New England, parts of Rhode Island
(54" (137cm))
1979 - Supreme court of Lahore affirms death sentence
against premier Bhutto
1981 - "Brady Brides," debuts on NBC TV
1981 - Beatles Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr & George
Harrison record a tribute to John Lennon
1981 - Suleiman Nyambui runs world record 5k indoor
(13:20.4)
1982 - "Centerfold" by J Geils Band hit #1 on pop
chart
1983 - 13th NFL Pro Bowl: NFC beats AFC 20-19
1983 - Nancy Lopez wins LPGA Elizabeth Arden Golf Classic
1984 - Moslem militiamen take over West Beirut from Lebanese
army
1986 - NJ Devil Peter McNab becomes 42nd NHLer to score 350
goals
1987 - No-smoking rules take effect in US federal buildings
1987 - US female Figure Skating championship won by Jill
Trenary
1988 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern
Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1989 - Solidarity union leader Lech Walesa begins
negotiating with Polish government
1990 - Brett Hull becomes 1st son of NHL 50 goal scorer
(Bobby) to score 50
1990 - Ground breaking begins on Baltimore Orioles' new $102
million stadium
1990 - Steve Briers of Wales recited the entire lyrics of
Queen's album "A Night At The Opera" in 9 minutes & 58.44 seconds
backwards!
1991 - Mousey Davis becomes 1st coach of NY-NJ Knights
1992 - "Late Night's 10th Anniversary Show At Radio
City Music Hall" on NBC
1992 - The Sámi people of the far northern Nordic countries
have an official day celebrating their existence.
1993 - 44th NHL All-Star Game: Wales beat Campbell 16-6 at
Montreal
1993 - Riddick Bowe TKOs Michael Dokes in 1 for heavyweight
boxing title
1994 - "Government Inspector" closes at Lyceum
Theater NYC after 37 perfs
1994 - Dawn Coe-Jones wins LPGA Healthsouth Palm Beach Golf
Classic
1994 - Jose Maria Figueres elected president of Costa Rica
1994 - Leonid Voloshin triple jumps world record 17.77m
1994 - Martti Ahtisaari elected president of Finland
1994 - NFL Pro Bowl: NFC beats AFC 17-3
1995 - Beachboy Brian Wilson weds Melinda Ledbetter
Baseball Player Darryl StrawberryBaseball Player Darryl
Strawberry 1995 - Darryl Strawberry suspended from baseball for 60 days
1995 - Greg Blewett scores his 2nd century in his 2nd Test
Cricket
1995 - Rapper Tupac Shakur convicted on sexual assault
charge and sentenced to up to 4 1/2 years in prison
1996 - Heidi Fleiss scheduled to begin her 7 year jail
sentence
1997 - Diane Blood, 32, in England, won right to use her
dead husbands sperm
1998 - Twins trade Chuck Knoblauch to NY Yankees for $3M
& 4 minor leaguers
1998 - Mary Kay LeTourneau, 36, former teacher, who violated
probation by seeing 14 year old father of her baby, sentenced to 7 years
1998 - In Corsica, the prefect Claude Erignac is
assassinated in Ajaccio, presumably by Yvan Colonna.
1998 - Washington National Airport is renamed Ronald Reagan
National Airport.
1999 - NFL Pro Bowl: AFC beats NFC 23-10
2000 - NFL Pro Bowl: NFC beats AFC 51-31
2005 - Super Bowl XXXIX, the New England Patriots win 24-21
over the Philadelphia Eagles
2011 - Super Bowl XLV: Green Bay Packers beat Pittsburgh
Steelers, 31-25 at the Cowboys Stadium MVP: Aaron Rodgers, Green Bay, QB
2012 - 6.9 magnitude quake hits near the central Philipines
with 43 confirmed deaths
2012 - Queen Elizabeth II marks her 60th anniversary of becoming
British monarch, becoming only the second to do so
2013 - A magnitude 8.0 earthquake occurs off the Solomon
Islands coast causing the death of nine people
1778 - The United States gained official recognition from France as the two nations signed the Treaty of Amity and Commerce and the Treaty of Alliance in Paris. 1788 - Massachusetts became the sixth state to ratify the U.S. Constitution. 1815 - The state of New Jersey issued the first American railroad charter to John Stevens. 1843 - "The Virginia Minstrels" opened at the Bowery Amphitheatre in New York City. It was the first minstrel show in America. 1899 - The U.S. Senate ratified a peace treaty between the U.S. and Spain. 1900 - The Holland Senate ratified the 1899 peace conference decree that created in international arbitration court at The Hague. 1900 - U.S. President McKinley appointed W.H. Taft as commissioner to report on the Philippines. 1911 - The first old-age home for pioneers opened in Prescott, AZ. 1926 - The National Football League adopted a rule that made players ineligible for competition until their college class graduated. 1932 - Dog sled racing happened for the first time in Olympic competition. 1933 - The 20th Amendment to the Constitution was declared in effect. The amendment moved the start of presidential, vice-presidential and congressional terms from March to January. 1937 - K. Elizabeth Ohi became the first Japanese woman lawyer when she received her degree from John Marshall Law School in Chicago, IL. 1950 - NBC radio debuted "Dangerous Assignment". 1952 - Britain's King George VI died. His daughter, Elizabeth II, succeeded him. 1956 - St. Patrick Center opened in Kankakee, IL. It was the first circular school building in the United States. 1959 - The U.S., for the first time, successfully test-fired a Titan intercontinental ballistic missile from Cape Canaveral. 1971 - NASA Astronaut Alan B. Shepard used a six-iron that he had brought inside his spacecraft and swung at three golf balls on the surface of the moon. 1972 - Over 500,000 pieces of irate mail arrived at the mail room of CBS-TV, when word leaked out that an edited-for-TV version of the X-rated movie, "The Demand," would be shown. 1985 - The French mineral water company, Perrier, debuted its first new product in 123 years. The new items were water with a twist of lemon, lime or orange. 1987 - President Ronald Reagan turned 76 years old this day and became the oldest U.S. President in history. 1998 - Washington National Airport was renamed for U.S. President Ronald Reagan with the signing of a bill by U.S. President Clinton. 1999 - King Hussein of Jordan transferred full political power to his oldest son the Crown Prince Abdullah. 1999 - Excerpts of former White House intern Monica Lewinsky's videotaped testimony were shown at President Clinton's impeachment trial. 1999 - Heavy fighting resumed along the common border between Ethiopia and Eritrea. 2000 - Russia's acting President Vladimir Putin announced that Russian forces had captured Grozny, Chechnya. The capital city had been under the control of Chechen rebels. 2000 - In Finland, Foreign Minister Tarja Halonen became the first woman to be elected president. 2000 - U.S. First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton formally declared that she was a candidate for a U.S. Senate seat from the state of New York. 2001 - Ariel Sharon was elected Israeli prime minister. 2002 - A federal judge ordered John Walker Lindh to be held without bail pending trial. Lindh was known as the "American Taliban."
1788 Massachusetts ratified the U.S. Constitution, becoming the sixth state to join the Union. 1804 Joseph Priestley, British chemist, died. His work on the isolation of gases led him to discover oxygen in 1774. 1899 The Spanish-American War ended when a peace treaty between Spain and the United States was signed. 1933 The 20th Amendment to the Constitution, which set the date for the president's inauguration on Jan. 20, was adopted. 1935 The popular board game Monopoly® went on sale for the first time. 1952 Princess Elizabeth became Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain. 1971 Astronaut Alan B. Shepard hit a golf ball and Edgar Mitchell threw a "javelin" on the moon. They landed in the same crater and remain on the Moon today. 2001 Ariel Sharon was elected prime minister of Israel. 2012 The Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II marked the 60th anniversary of her accession to the throne.
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