http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history
Dec 28, 1895: First commercial movie screened
On this day in 1895, the world's first commercial movie screening takes place at the Grand Cafe in Paris. The film was made by Louis and Auguste Lumiere, two French brothers who developed a camera-projector called the Cinematographe. The Lumiere brothers unveiled their invention to the public in March 1895 with a brief film showing workers leaving the Lumiere factory. On December 28, the entrepreneurial siblings screened a series of short scenes from everyday French life and charged admission for the first time.
Movie technology has its roots in the early 1830s, when Joseph Plateau of Belgium and Simon Stampfer of Austria simultaneously developed a device called the phenakistoscope, which incorporated a spinning disc with slots through which a series of drawings could be viewed, creating the effect of a single moving image. The phenakistoscope, considered the precursor of modern motion pictures, was followed by decades of advances and in 1890, Thomas Edison and his assistant William Dickson developed the first motion-picture camera, called the Kinetograph. The next year, 1891, Edison invented the Kinetoscope, a machine with a peephole viewer that allowed one person to watch a strip of film as it moved past a light.
In 1894, Antoine Lumiere, the father of Auguste (1862-1954) and Louis (1864-1948), saw a demonstration of Edison's Kinetoscope. The elder Lumiere was impressed, but reportedly told his sons, who ran a successful photographic plate factory in Lyon, France, that they could come up with something better. Louis Lumiere's Cinematographe, which was patented in 1895, was a combination movie camera and projector that could display moving images on a screen for an audience. The Cinematographe was also smaller, lighter and used less film than Edison's technology.
The Lumieres opened theaters (known as cinemas) in 1896 to show their work and sent crews of cameramen around the world to screen films and shoot new material. In America, the film industry quickly took off. In 1896, Vitascope Hall, believed to be the first theater in the U.S. devoted to showing movies, opened in New Orleans. In 1909, The New York Times published its first film review (of D.W. Griffith's "Pippa Passes"), in 1911 the first Hollywood film studio opened and in 1914, Charlie Chaplin made his big-screen debut.
In addition to the Cinematographe, the Lumieres also developed the first practical color photography process, the Autochrome plate, which debuted in 1907.
Dec 28, 1908: Worst European earthquake
At dawn, the most destructive earthquake in recorded European history strikes the Straits of Messina in southern Italy, leveling the cities of Messina in Sicily and Reggio di Calabria on the Italian mainland. The earthquake and tsunami it caused killed an estimated 100,000 people.
Sicily and Calabria are known as la terra ballerina--"the dancing land"--for the periodic seismic activity that strikes the region. In 1693, 60,000 people were killed in southern Sicily by an earthquake, and in 1783 most of the Tyrrenian coast of Calabria was razed by a massive earthquake that killed 50,000. The quake of 1908 was particularly costly in terms of human life because it struck at 5:20 a.m. without warning, catching most people at home in bed rather than in the relative safety of the streets or fields.
The main shock, registering an estimated 7.5 magnitude on the Richter scale, caused a devastating tsunami with 40-foot waves that washed over coastal towns and cities. The two major cities on either side of the Messina Straits--Messina and Reggio di Calabria--had some 90 percent of their buildings destroyed. Telegraph lines were cut and railway lines were damaged, hampering relief efforts. To make matters worse, the major quake on the 28th was followed by hundreds of smaller tremors over subsequent days, bringing down many of the remaining buildings and injuring or killing rescuers. On December 30, King Victor Emmanuel III arrived aboard the battleship Napoli to inspect the devastation. Meanwhile, a steady rain fell on the ruined cities, forcing the dazed and injured survivors, clad only in their nightclothes, to take shelter in caves, grottoes, and impromptu shacks built out of materials salvaged from the collapsed buildings. Veteran sailors could barely recognize the shoreline because long stretches of the coast had sunk several feet into the Messina Strait.
Dec 28, 1869: America's first Labor Day
The Knights of Labor, a labor union of tailors in Philadelphia, hold the first Labor Day ceremonies in American history. The Knights of Labor was established as a secret society of Pennsylvanian tailors earlier in the year and later grew into a national body that played an important role in the labor movement of the late 19th century.
The first annual observance of Labor Day was organized by the American Federation of Labor in 1884, which resolved in a convention in Chicago that "the first Monday in September be set aside as a laborer's national holiday." In 1887, Oregon became the first state to designate Labor Day a holiday, and in 1894 Congress designated the first Monday in September a legal holiday for all federal employees and the residents of the District of Columbia.
Here's a more detailed look at events that transpired on this date throughout history:
418 - St Boniface I begins his reign as Catholic Pope
801 - Louis the Vrome occupies Barcelona
1065 - Westminister Abbey consecrated in London
1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, emperor of Japan,
begins.
1614 - Sperm whale beached at Noordwijk
1732 - 1st known ad for "Poor Richard's Almanack"
(Pennsylvania Gazette)
1768 - King Taksin was coronation achieved through conquest
as a king of Thailand and established Thonburi as a capital.
1816 - American Colonization Society organizes
1821 - Naples: Gioacchini Rossini moves to Bologna
1828 - 6.8 earthquake strikes Echigo Japan, 30,000 killed
1832 - John Calhoun becomes 1st VP to resign (differences
with Pres Jackson)
1836 - Spain recognizes independence of Mexico
1846 - Iowa becomes 29th state
1849 - M Jolly-Bellin discovers dry-cleaning, he
accidentally upset lamp containing turpentine & oil on his clothing &
sees cleaning effect
1850 - Rangoon Burma, destroyed by fire
1860 - Harriet Tubman arrives in Auburn NY, on her last
mission to free slaves, evading capture for 8 years on the Underground Railroad
1864 - Battle of Egypt Station, MS
1867 - United States claims Midway Island, the first
territory annexed outside Continental limits.
1869 - William Finley Semple of Mount Vernon, Ohio, patents
chewing gum
Abolitionist Harriet TubmanAbolitionist Harriet Tubman 1877
- John Stevens, applies for a patent for his flour rolling mill
1878 - Pope Leo XIII publishes encyclical Quod apostolici
muneris (socialism)
1879 - North British Railway's train falls as Firth bridge
collapses (Scot)
1887 - Sir John Layton Jarvis, 1st British race horse trainer
knighted
1893 - French lieutenant Boiteux annexes Tumbuktu
1895 - Film makers the Lumiere brothers, hold the first
commercial film screening at Salon Indien du Grand Café, Paris
1897 - Edmond Rostand's "Cyrano de Bergerac,"
premieres in Paris
1902 - 1st indoor pro football game, Syracuse beats Phila
6-0 (Madison Square Garden, NYC)
1902 - Trans-Pacific cable links Hawaii to US
1903 - Clyde Fitch's "Glad of It," premieres in
NYC
1904 - 1st daily wireless weather forecasts published
(London)
1905 - Intercollegiate Athletic Association of US founded
(becomes NCAA in 1910)
1905 - NSW all out for 805 vs Victoria, win by innings &
253
1906 - Ecuador adopts its constitution
1908 - Earthquake strikes Messina, Italy (nearly 80,000
died)
1910 - Opera "Konigskinder" is produced (NYC)
1912 - National Council of Young Israel convenes
1912 - SF Municipal Railway starts operation at Geary St
(MUNI)
1912 - The first municipally owned streetcars take to the
streets in San Francisco, California.
1915 - SF City Hall dedicated by Mayor James Rolph
Playwright George Bernard ShawPlaywright George Bernard Shaw
1923 - George Bernard Shaw's "St Joan," premieres in NYC
1925 - George/Ira Gershwin's musical "Tip-Toes,"
premieres in NYC
1926 - Arthur Mailey takes 4-362 off 64 overs (no maidens)
NSW v Vic
1926 - Imperial Airways begins England-India mail &
passenger service
1926 - Ponsford scores 352 & Ryder 295 against NSW
1926 - Victoria all out for 1107 against NSW at the MCG
Crowd 22,348
1927 - George Kaufman & Moss Hart's "Royal
Family," premieres in NYC
1928 - Last recording of Ma Rainey, "Mother of the
Blues," made
1928 - Louis Armstrong makes 78 recording of "West End
blues"
1931 - Lin-Sen succeeds Chiang Kai-shek as president of
Nanjing-China
1935 - W P A Federal Art Project Gallery opens in NYC
1935 - Pravda publishes a letter by Pavel Postyshev, who
revives New Year tree tradition in the Soviet Union.
1937 - Fascist Octavian Goga becomes PM of Romania/begins
spread of Judaism
1938 - Paul Gibb scores 106 on Test Cricket debut v South
Africa
1939 - First flight of the Consolidated XB-24 Liberator
bomber prototype.
Jazz Musician Louis ArmstrongJazz Musician Louis Armstrong
1940 - Arthur Morris scores 111 in 2nd innings of 1st game after 148
1941 - State of siege goes into effect in Bohemia/Moravia
1942 - Oberkommando Wehrmacht orders strategist flight out
of Kaukasus
1942 - Robert Sullivan becomes 1st pilot to fly Atlantic 100
times
1943 - All inhabitants of Kalmukkie deported, about 70,000
killed
1944 - Eisenhower & Montgomery meet in Hasselt Belgium
1944 - Former Wash 3rd baseman Buddy Lewis wins
Distinguished Flying Cross
1944 - Leonard Bernstein's musical "On the Town,"
premieres in NYC
1945 - Congress officially recognizes "Pledge of
Allegiance"
1947 - Chic Cards beat Philadelphia Eagles 28-21 in NFL
championship game
1948 - IDF crosses Egyptian border
1948 - Middel-Java as a whole in Dutch hands
1948 - US announced a study to launch an Earth satellite
1948 - The DC-3 airliner NC16002 disappears 50 miles south
of Miami, Florida.
1949 - 20th Century Fox announces it would produce TV
programs
1950 - Chinese troops cross 38th Parallel, into South Korea
1950 - The Peak District becomes the United Kingdom's first
National Park.
1952 - Detroit Lions beat Cleveland Browns 17-7 in NFL
championship game
1953 - WLBT TV channel 3 in Jackson, MS (NBC) begins
broadcasting
1954 - 43rd Davis Cup: USA beats Australia in Sydney (3-2)
1954 - KEPR TV channel 19 in Pasco-Kennewick-Richl, WA (CBS)
1st broadcast
1955 - 44th Davis Cup: Australia beats USA in New York (5-0)
1956 - Miss Frances [Horwich], last Ding Dong School on
NBC-TV
1957 - CBS states it won't broadcast baseball where minor
league games are on
1957 - USSR performs atmospheric nuclear test
1958 - Chipmunks (Alvin, Simon & Theodore with David
Seville) hit #1
1958 - What might be called greatest NFL game, Colts beat
Giants 23-17
Playwright Tennessee WilliamsPlaywright Tennessee Williams
1961 - Tennessee Williams' "Night of the Iguana," premieres in NYC
1962 - UN troops occupies Elizabethstad Katanga
1963 - "Double Dublin" closes at Little Theater
NYC after 4 performances
1963 - "Jennie" closes at Majestic Theater NYC
after 82 performances
1963 - Merle Haggard 1st appearance on country chart with
"Sing a Sad Song"
1964 - Premier of Dmitri Sjostakovitch' Stefan Rasin
1964 - Principal filming of "Dr Zhivago," begins
1966 - 13 die in a train crash in Everett Mass
1966 - China PR performs nuclear test at Lop Nor PRC
1967 - KTSB (now KSNT) TV channel 27 in Topeka, KS (NBC)
begins broadcasting
1967 - Muriel Siebert is 1st women to own a seat on NY Stock
Exchange
1968 - 100,000 attend Miami Pop Festival
1968 - 57th Davis Cup: USA beats Australia in Adelaide (4-1)
1968 - Beatles' "Beatles-White Album," goes #1
& stays #1 for 9 weeks
1968 - Israeli assault on Beirut Airport
1968 - KVOF (KUDO, now KWBB) TV channel 38 in SF, CA (IND)
1st broadcast
1969 - Neil Simon's "Last of the Red Hot Lovers,"
premieres in NYC
1969 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern
Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1970 - "Lovely Ladies, Kind Gentlemen" opens at
Majestic NYC for 19 perfs
1970 - Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) adopts constitution
1971 - Hasj falls from now on under(neath) the Opiumwet
1972 - Kim Il-song, becomes president of North Korea
1972 - Martin Bormanns skeleton found in Berlin (Hitlers
deputy)
1972 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern
Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1973 - Akron Ohio's Chamber of Commerce terminates itself
from Soap Box Derby
1973 - Alexander Solzhenitsyn publishes "Gulag
Archipelag"
1973 - Comet Kohoutek at perihelion
1974 - 6.3 earthquake strikes Pakistan: 5200 killed
1974 - Senegalese marxist group Reenu-Rew founds the
political movement And-Jëf at a clandestine congress.
1975 - "Hail Mary Pass"-Cowboys beat Vikings 17-14
on last second pass
1975 - 1st broadcast of radio Hilversum IV (classic music)
1975 - Earthquake in Pakistan, 4,000 die
1975 - Gary Cosier scores 109 v West Indies at MCG on Test
Cricket debut
1975 - Red Army beats NY Rangers 7-3 at Madison Square
Garden
1976 - "Fiddler on the Roof" opens at Winter
Garden Theater NYC for 167 perfs
1976 - Genie Francis joind "General Hospital" as
Laura Vining
1976 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1976 - Winnie Mandela banished in South Africa
1978 - 30th hat trick in Islander history (Mike Bossy)
1980 - Mexico terminated fishing agreements with US
1981 - Cleveland Metroparks Administrative offices move from
downtown to Zoo
1981 - Warner-Elektra-Atlantic raises price of 45 records
from $1.68 to $1.98
1981 - The first American test-tube baby, Elizabeth Jordan
Carr, is born in Norfolk, Virginia.
1983 - 72nd Davis Cup: Australia beats Sweden in Melbourne
(3-2)
1983 - Gavaskar achieves his 30th century, beating Bradman's
29
1983 - US say they will leave UNESCO on Dec 31, 1984
1983 - Warren Cromartie signs 3 year $2.5M contract with
Yomiuri Giants
1984 - Creosote bush determined to be 11,700 years old
1984 - Rajiv Gandhi's Congress party wins election in India
1984 - TV soap "Edge of Night" ends 28 year run
1984 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern
Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1985 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1985 - Warring Lebanese Moslem & Christian leaders sign
peace agreement
1986 - Pat Davis, ranked 412th among world tennis
competitors wins Davis Cup
1987 - In Arkansas R Gene Simmons kills 2, later bodies of
14 of his relatives are found at his home near Dover Ark
1988 - John Tarrant, 1st Aust born Zen teacher, receives
Dharma Transmission
1988 - US 2nd Circuit Court of Appeals affirms Yonkers is
guilty of racism
1988 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern
Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1989 - Alexander Dubcek elected parliament chairman of Czech
1989 - Earthquake at Newcastle Australia, 11 die
1990 - 2 die in a NYC subway accident
1990 - Blockbuster Bowl 1: Florida State beats Penn State,
24-17
1991 - 8 are crushed to death at a RAP basketball game at
City College, NYC
1991 - Blockbuster Bowl 2: Alabama beats Colorado, 30-25
1991 - Irene the Icon of Greek Orthodox church returns after
being stolen
1991 - Ninibeth Beatriz Leal Jiminez, 20, of Venez, crowned
41st Miss World
1991 - Ted Turner is named Time Magazine Man of Year
1993 - Dow-Jones hits record 3793.49
1993 - Dutch Antilles government of Yandi Paula forms
1993 - John Maclean passes Kirk Muller as all-time NJ Devils
scorer (521 pts)
1994 - Boon completes his 20th Test Cricket century (131 v
England, MCG)
Country singer Tammy WynetteCountry singer Tammy Wynette
1994 - Tammy Wynette admitted to the hospital with bile duct infection
1996 - India all out for 66 at Durban after making 100 in
cricket 1st inning
1997 - Sting beats Hollywood Hogan for WCW Championship
1999 - Saparmurat Niyazov is proclaimed President for Life
in Turkmenistan.
2000 - U.S. retail giant Montgomery Ward announces it is
going out of business after 128 years.
2005 - A U.S. immigration judge orders John Demjanjuk
deported to Ukraine for crimes against humanity committed during World War II.
2007 - Nepal declared a federal democratic Republic by
interim parliament, abolishing the monarchy.
2008 - The Detroit Lions finished the season 0-16 with a
31-21 lost to the Green Bay Packers The first time in National Football League
history that a team went winless in a 16-game season.
2009 - 43 people die in a suicide bombing in Karachi,
Pakistan, where Shia Muslims were observing the Day of Ashura.
2012 - Jiroemon Kimura of Japan becomes the world's oldest
verified man
2012 - 13 people are killed and 19 are injured after a bus
plunges into a river in western Nepal
2012 - Vladimir Putin signs into law a ban on US adoption of
Russian children
1065 - Westminster Abbey was consecrated under Edward the Confessor. 1694 - Queen Mary II of England died after five years of joint rule with her husband, King William III. 1732 - "The Pennsylvania Gazette," owned by Benjamin Franklin, ran an ad for the first issue of "Poor Richard’s Almanack." 1832 - John C. Calhoun became the first vice president of the United States to resign, stepping down over differences with President Jackson. 1836 - Mexico's independence was recognized by Spain. 1846 - Iowa became the 29th state to be admitted to the Union. 1869 - William E. Semple, of Mt. Vernon, OH, patented an acceptable chewing gum. 1877 - John Stevens applied for a patent for his flour-rolling mill, which boosted production by 70%. 1879 - In Dundee, Scotland the central portion of the Tay Bridge collapsed as a train was passing over it. 75 people were killed. 1897 - "Cyrano de Bergerac," the play by Edmond Rostand, premiered in Paris, France. 1902 - The first professional indoor football game was played at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Syracuse defeated the Philadelphia Nationals 6-0. 1908 - An earthquake killed over 75,000 at Messina in Sicily. 1912 - The first municipally-owned street cars were used on the streets of San Francisco, CA. 1917 - The New York Evening Mail published a facetious essay by H.L. Mencken on the history of bathtubs in America. 1926 - The highest recorded cricket innings score of 1,107 runs was hit by Victoria, against New South Wales, in Melbourne. 1937 - The Irish Free State became the Republic of Ireland when a new constitution established the country as a sovereign state under the name of Eire. 1942 - R.O. Sullivan crossed the Atlantic Ocean for the 100th time. 1945 - The U.S. Congress officially recognized the "Pledge of Allegiance." 1950 - The Peak District became Britain's first designated National Park. 1956 - After five years on television, the last "Ding Dong School" was aired on NBC-TV. 1964 - Initial filming of the movie "Dr. Zhivago" began on location near Madrid, Spain. The movies total running time is 197 minutes. 1973 - The Chamber of Commerce of Akron, OH, terminated its association with the All-American Soap Box Derby. It was stated that the race had become "a victim of cheating and fraud." 1973 - Alexander Solzhenitsyn published "Gulag Archipelago," an expose of the Soviet prison system. 1981 - Elizabeth Jordan Carr, the first American test-tube baby, was born in Norfolk, VA. 1982 - Nevell Johnson Jr. was mortally wounded by a police officer in a Miami video arcade. The event set off three days of race related disturbances that left another man dead. 1987 - The bodies of 14 relatives of R. Gene Simmons were found at his home near Dover, AR. Simmons had gone on a shooting spree in Russellville that claimed two other lives. 1989 - Alexander Dubcek, who had been expelled from the Communist Party in 1970, was elected speaker of the Czech parliament. 1991 - Nine people died in a rush to get into a basketball game at City College in New York. 1995 - Pressure from German prosecutors investigating pornography forced CompuServe to set a precedent by blocking access to sex-oriented newsgroups on the Internet for its customers. 2000 - U.S. District Court Judge Matsch held a hearing to ensure that confessed Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh understood that he was dropping his appeals. McVeigh said that he wanted an execution date, set but wanted to reserve the right to seek presidential clemency. 2000 - Shannen Doherty was arrested for driving under the influence.
1065 Westminster Abbey consecrated. 1832 John C. Calhoun became the first vice president in U.S. history to resign from office. 1846 Iowa became the 29th state in the United States. 1869 William F. Semple patented chewing gum. 1895 The Lumiere Brothers gave the first commercial movie show at the Grand Cafe in Paris. 1937 Composer Maurice Ravel died in Paris at age 62. 1945 Congress officially recognized the Pledge of Allegiance. 1981 Elizabeth Jordan Carr, the first American test-tube baby, was born in Norfolk, Va.
The following links are to web sites that were used to complete this blog entry:
http://www.historyorb.com/today/events.php
http://on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/dec28.htm
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history
http://www.infoplease.com/dayinhistory
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