http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history
Nov 23, 1940: Romania becomes an Axis "power"
On this day in 1940, Romania signs the Tripartite Pact, officially allying itself with Germany, Italy, and Japan.
As early as 1937, Romania had come under control of a fascist government that bore great resemblance to that of Germany's, including similar anti-Jewish laws. Romania's king, Carol II, dissolved the government a year later because of a failing economy and installed Romania's Orthodox Patriarch as prime minister. But the Patriarch's death and peasant uprising provoked renewed agitation by the fascist Iron Guard paramilitary organization, which sought to impose order. In June 1940, the Soviet Union co-opted two Romanian provinces, and the king searched for an ally to help protect it and appease the far right within its own borders. So on July 5, 1940, Romania allied itself with Nazi Germany—only to be invaded by its "ally" as part of Hitler's strategy to create one huge eastern front against the Soviet Union.
King Carol abdicated on September 6, 1940, leaving the country in the control of fascist Prime Minister Ion Antonescu and the Iron Guard. Signing the Tripartite Pact was now inevitable. Originally formulated in Berlin on September 27, the pact formally recognized an alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan, termed the "Axis." As more European nations became subject to fascist domination and invasion, they too were drawn into the pact, albeit as unequal partners (Hungary was made an Axis "power" on November 20). Now it was Romania's turn.
While Romania would recapture the territory lost to the Soviet Union when the Germans invaded Russia, it would also have to endure the Germans' raping its resources as part of the Nazi war effort. Besides taking control of Romania's oil wells and installations, Hitler would help himself to Romania's food crops, causing a food shortage for native Romanians.
Here's a more detailed look at events that transpired on this date throughout history:
800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged
crimes of Pope Leo III.
1165 - Pope Alexander III returns from exile to Rome
1227 - Polish Prince Leszek I the White is assassinated at
an assembly of Piast dukes at Gąsawa.
1248 - Conquest of Seville by the Christian troops under
King Ferdinand III of Castile.
1334 - St Clemens Flood: Dike breaks at
Flemish/Zeeuwse/Dutch coast
1499 - Flemish pretender to the English throne Perkin
Warbeck hanged for reportedly attempting to escape from Tower of London.
Invaded England in 1497, claiming to be the lost son of King Edward IV
1556 - King Philip II confers with Dutch financial experts
1577 - Water Geuzen under capt Slope enter Amsterdam
1584 - English parliament throws out Jesuits
1644 - Areopagitica, a pamphlet decrying censorship, and
written by John Milton is published.
1654 - French mathematician, scientist, and religious
philosopher Blaise Pascal experiences an intense, mystical vision that marks
him for life.
1700 - Cardinal Francesco Albani elected Pope Clemens XI
1705 - Nicholas Rowe's "Ulysses," premieres in
London
1744 - English premier John Carteret resigns
1765 - People of Frederick County Md refuse to pay England's
Stamp tax
1783 - Annapolis Maryland, becomes US capital (until June
1784)
1832 - French take Antwerp in liberation of Belgium
1834 - Hector Berlioz's "Harold in Italy,"
premieres
1835 - Henry Burden patents Horseshoe manufacturing machine
(Troy NY)
Poet John MiltonPoet John Milton 1844 - Independence of the
Duke of Schleswig-Holstein from Denmark.
1848 - Female Medical Educational Society forms in Boston
1852 - Just past midnight, a sharp jolt causes Lake Merced
to drop 30' (9m)
1863 - Battle of Chattanooga & Orchard Knob, TN begins
1863 - Patent granted for a process of making color
photographs
1864 - -25] Battle at Ball's Ferry Georgia (30 casualties)
1867 - The Manchester Martyrs were hanged in Manchester,
England for rescuing two Irish men from jail.
1868 - Louis Ducos du Hauron patents trichrome color photo process
1869 - In Dumbarton, Scotland, the clipper Cutty Sark is
launched - one of the last clippers ever to be built, and the only one still
surviving to this day.
1871 - Railway bridge over Dutch Deep opens
1876 - Columbia, Harvard & Princeton form Intercollegiate
Football Association
1885 - Amsterdam police attack meeting of social-democrats
united
1887 - Notre Dame loses its 1st football game 8-0 to
Michigan
1887 - Opera "Trumpeter of Säckingen" 1st American
production (NYC)
1889 - Debut of 1st jukebox (Palais Royale Saloon, San
Francisco)
1890 - King William III of the Netherlands dies (b. 1817)
without a male heir and a special law passed to allow his daughter Princess
Wilhelmina to become his heir.
1890 - General elections in Italy.
1892 - Battle of Lomani Congo: Belgian unit beats Arabs,
1000-3000 killed
1892 - P de Coubertin launches plan for Modern Olympic Games
1897 - Andrew J Beard invents "jerry coupler," to
connect railroad cars
1897 - Pencil sharpener patented by J L Love
1899 - Battle at Belmont, Cape colony: general Methuen beats
Farmers
1903 - Enrico Caruso US debut (Metropolitan Opera House, NY)
in "Rigoletto"
1903 - Colorado Governor James Peabody sends the state
militia into the town of Cripple Creek to break up a miners' strike.
1904 - 3rd Olympic games close in St Louis
1905 - Henry Watson Furness, an Indiana physican, named
minister of Haiti
1906 - Joseph Smith, leader of the Mormon Church, convicted
of polygamy
1909 - 7.17" (18.2 cm) of rainfall, Rattlesnake Creek,
Idaho (state rec)
1909 - Wright Brothers forms million dollar corp to
manufacture airplanes
1911 - Post Hospital at Presidio, SF renamed Letterman
General Hospital
1912 - Hamilton Alerts suspended by ORFU for refusing to
field a full team in a replay of a protested game
1914 - The US Army retreats from Mexico.
1921 - Pres Harding signs Willis Campell Act (anti-beer
bill) forbidding doctors prescribing beer or liquor for medicinal purposes
1923 - German army commander Gen Von Seeckt bans NSDAP &
KPD
1923 - Germany's Stresemann government falls to SPD
1926 - Noel Coward's "This Was a Man," premieres
in NYC
1930 - NY Giant Hap Moran runs 91 yards for a TD from a
scrimmage
1931 - Nationally Crisis Committee forms in Hague
1934 - An Anglo-Ethiopian boundary commission in the Ogaden
discovers an Italian garrison at Walwal, which lay well within Ethiopian
territory. This leads to the Abyssinia Crisis.
1936 - 1st issue of Life, picture magazine created by Henry
R Luce
1936 - Life magazine hit newsstands
1936 - The first edition of Life is published.
1937 - Clifford Odets' "Golden Boy," premieres in
NYC
1937 - Emile Janson becomes Belgian premier
Author John SteinbeckAuthor John Steinbeck 1937 - John
Steinbeck's "Of Mice & Men," premieres in NYC
1939 - Nazi Gov of Poland Hans Frank requires Jews to wear a
blue star
1940 - 1st edition of illegal "The Truth"
publishes
1940 - Romania signs Driemogendheden pact
1940 - SD arrested resistance fighter Bernard Iron wire
1941 - German troops conquer Klin, at NW of Moscow
1942 - 3rd & 5th Romanian army corp surrenders
1942 - Coast Guard Woman's Auxiliary (SPARS) authorized
1942 - Col-gen Von Paul asks Hitler to surrender
1942 - German 4th & 6th Army surrounded at Stalingrad
1942 - Japans bombing of Port Darwin, Australia
1942 - Poon Lim set adrift for 133 days after his boat is
torpedoed
1942 - Russian 21st Army recaptures Kalatsj at Don
1942 - Steward Poon Lim begins floating in a raft 133 days
1943 - 1st printing of illegal "Warheid"
Dictator of Nazi Germany Adolf HitlerDictator of Nazi
Germany Adolf Hitler 1943 - British Forces Broadcasting Service begins
operation
1943 - US forces take control of Tarawa, Gilbert Island
& Makin from Japanese
1943 - Phils owner William D Cox is permanently banned from
baseball for having bet on his own team
1944 - US 7th army under Gen Patch conquers Straatsburg
1945 - Most US wartime rationing of foods, including meat
& butter, ends
1946 - "Gypsy Lady" closes at Century Theater NYC
after 79 performances
1946 - 34th CFL Grey Cup: Toronto Argonauts defeats Winn
Blue Bombers, 28-6
1946 - French Navy fire in Haiphong Vietnam, kills 6,000
1946 - The Workers Party of South Korea is founded.
1947 - French government of Schumann, forms
1947 - Wash Redskin Sammy Baugh passes for 6 touchdowns vs
Chi Cards (45-21)
1948 - Dr Frank G Back (NYC) patents lens to provide zoom
effects
1950 - Howard Swanson's "Short Symphony,"
premieres
1953 - KVFD (now KTIN) TV channel 21 in Ft Dodge, IA (NBC)
1st broadcast
1953 - WJBF TV channel 6 in Augusta, GA (ABC) begins
broadcasting
1954 - For the first time, the Dow Jones Industrial Average
closes above the peak it reached just before the 1929 crash.
1955 - British transfer Cocos (Keeling) Is in Indian Ocean
to Australia
1959 - "Fiorello!" opens at Broadhurst Theater NYC
for 796 performances
1960 - Dodgers outfielder Frank Howard is voted NL Rookie of
Year
1960 - Tinseltown dedicated its Walk of Fame at Hollywood
Blvd & Vine St
1960 - Tiros 2, a weather satellite is launched
1962 - Dodgers shortstop Maury Wills is named NL's MVP
1963 - "Doctor Who," the long-running British
sci-fi series debuts in England
1963 - "Tambourines to Glory" closes at Little
Theater NYC after 24 perfs
1963 - Horatio Alger Society founded
1963 - JFK's body, lay in repose in East Room of White House
1963 - LBJ proclaims Nov 25 a day of national mourning (for
JFK)
1963 - Doctor Who first broadcast
1964 - "Bajour" opens at Shubert Theater NYC for
232 performances
1964 - Beatles release "I Feel Fine" &
"She's a Woman"
1964 - Vatican abolished Latin as official language of Roman
Catholic liturgy
1965 - 31st Heisman Trophy Award: Mike Garrett, Southern Cal
(RB)
1965 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1966 - Chicago outfielder Tommie Agee is voted AL Rookie of
Year
1968 - "Noel Coward's Sweet Potato" closes at
Booth NYC after 36 perfs
1968 - Milwaukee Bucks make their 1st NBA trade, giving Bob
Love & Bob Weiss to Chicago Bulls for Flynn Robinson
1970 - KNCT TV channel 46 in Belton/Killeen, TX (PBS) begins
broadcasting
1971 - China People's Republic seated in UN Security Council
1971 - Danny Murtaugh, manager of world champ Pirates,
announces retirement
1974 - 60 Ethiopia government officials executed
1975 - 63rd CFL Grey Cup: Edmonton Eskimos defeats Montreal
Alouettes, 9-8
36th US President Lyndon B. Johnson36th US President Lyndon
B. Johnson 1975 - Bob Thomas of Chicago Bears kicks 55-yard field goal
1975 - Sandra Haynie wins LPGA Greater Ft Myers Golf Classic
1976 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1976 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern
Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1976 - Apneist Jacques Mayol is the first man to reach a
depth of 100 m undersea without breathing equipment.
1977 - "Jesus Christ Superstar" opens at Longacre
Theater NYC for 96 perfs
1977 - European weather satellite Meteosat 1 launched from
Cape Canaveral
1979 - Pink Floyd's "The Wall" released, sells 6
million copies in 2 weeks
1980 - 4,800 die in series of earthquakes that devastated
southern Italy
1980 - 68th CFL Grey Cup: Edmonton Eskimos defeats Hamilton
Tiger-Cats, 48-10
1980 - National Black Independent Party forms
1982 - Challenger moves to Vandenberg AFB & mated for
STS-6
1982 - FCC drops limits on duration & frequency of TV
ads
1982 - NY Islanders & Minn North Stars play to an 8-8
tie
1983 - Soyuz T-9 lands
1983 - USSR leave weapon disarmament talks
1984 - Limited-over intl cricket debut for Wasim Akram, v NZ
1984 - Test Cricket debut of David Boon age 23 & Bob Holland
age 38 (v WI)
1984 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern
Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1984 - Boston College QB Doug Flutie passes (472 yards),
including game ending 48 yard TD (Hail Mary Pass) to end game & beat Miami
47-45
1985 - 58 die as Egyptian commandos storm hijack Egyptair
jet in Malta
1985 - Retired CIA analyst Larry Wu-tai Chin, arrested of
spying for China
1988 - France performs nuclear test
1988 - Wayne Gretzky scores his 600th NHL goal
1988 - Yankees sign free agent 2nd-baseman Steve Sax to
3-year contract
1989 - Pilots Union give up sympathy strike against Eastern
Airlines
1989 - Xenophobia Zolotas sworn in as premier of Greece
1990 - Test Cricket debut of Saeed Anwar (Pak v WI), scores
0 & 0
1991 - A day before he dies, Freddie Mercury, 45, confirms
he has AIDS
Champion Boxer Evander HolyfieldChampion Boxer Evander
Holyfield 1991 - Evander Holyfield TKOs Bert Cooper in 7 for heavyweight boxing
title
1991 - Martin Lopez-Zubero swims world record 200m
backstroke (1:56.57)
1991 - Sacramento Kings ends NBA's longest road losing
streak at 43 games
1991 - Sam's Town Bowling Invitational won by Lorrie Nichols
1991 - Brigham Young Ty Detmer finishes NCAA career with
record 4,031 yards passed in a season & 15,031 for career
1992 - "Someone Who'll Watch Over Me" opens at
Booth NYC for 232 perfs
1992 - 10,000,000 cellular telephone sold
1993 - "Angels in America-Perestroika" opens at
Walter Kerr NYC for 216 perfs
1996 - Irene Skliva, 18, of Greece, crowned 46th Miss World
1996 - The Republic of Angola officially joins the World
Trade Organization.
1997 - Annika Sorenstam wins ITT LPGA Tour Championship
1997 - Jana Novotna (Czech) beats Mary Pierce (France) in
Chase Tennis Champ
1998 - Agreement between Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen
and his rival, prince Norodom Ranariddh.
2001 - Convention on Cybercrime is signed in Budapest,
Hungary.
2003 - Georgian president Eduard Shevardnadze resigns
following weeks of mass protests over flawed elections.
President of Liberia Ellen Johnson-SirleafPresident of
Liberia Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf 2005 - Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, elected president
of Liberia, is the first woman to lead an African country.
2007 - MS Explorer, a cruise liner carrying 154 people, sank
in the Antarctic Ocean south of Argentina after hitting an iceberg near the
South Shetland Islands.
2009 - The Maguindanao massacre occurs in Ampatuan,
Maguindanao, Mindanao, Philippines
2010 - The Bombardment of Yeonpyeong occurs on Yeonpyeong
Island, South Korea. The North Korean artillery attack kills 2 civilians and 2
South Korean marines.
2011 - Arab Spring: After 11 months of protests in Yemen,
The Yemeni president Ali Abdullah Saleh Signs a deal to transfer power to the
vice president, in exchange for legal immunity.
2012 - JR Tokai unveil a maglev LO train prototype capable
of travelling up to 500km per hour
1765 - Frederick County, MD, repudiated the British Stamp Act. 1835 - Henry Burden patented the horseshoe manufacturing machine. 1889 - The first jukebox made its debut in San Francisco, at the Palais Royale Saloon. 1890 - Princess Wilhelmina became Queen of the Netherlands at the age of 10 when her father William III died. 1936 - The first edition of "Life" was published. 1943 - During World War II, U.S. forces seized control of Tarawa and Makin from the Japanese during the Central Pacific offensive in the Gilbert Islands. 1945 - The U.S. wartime rationing of most foods ended. 1948 - Dr. Frank G. Back patented the "Zoomar" lens. 1961 - The Dominican Republic changed the name of its capital from Ciudad Trujillo to Santo Domingo. 1971 - The People's Republic of China was seated in the United Nations Security Council. 1979 - In Dublin, Ireland, Thomas McMahon was sentenced to life imprisonment for the assassination of Earl Mountbatten. 1980 - In southern Italy, approximately 4,800 people were killed in a series of earthquakes. 1983 - The first Pershing II missiles were deployed in West Germany. In response, the U.S.S.R. broke off International Nuclear Forces (INF) talks in Geneva. 1985 - Larry Wu-tai Chin, a retired CIA analyst, was arrested and accused of spying for China. He committed suicide a year after his conviction. 1985 - Gunmen hijacked an Egyptian jetliner en route from Athens to Cairo. The plane was forced to land in Malta. 1986 - In Manila, President Aquino dismissed Defense Minister Enrile. 1988 - Wayne Gretzky scored his 600th National Hockey League (NHL) goal. 1989 - Lucia Barrera de Cerna, a housekeeper who claimed she had witnessed the slaying of six Jesuit priests and two other people at the Jose Simeon Canas University in El Salvador, was flown to the U.S. 1991 - Yugoslavia's rival leaders agreed to a new cease-fire, the 14th of the Balkan civil war. 1991 - The Sacramento Kings ended the NBA's longest road losing streak at 43 games. 1992 - The play "Someone Who'll Watch Over Me" opened. 1994 - About 111 people, mostly women and children, were killed in a stampede after Indian police baton-charged tribal protesters in the western city of Nagpur. 1995 - Charles Rathbun, free-lance photographer, was booked in Hermosa Beach, CA, for investigation of murder in the disappearance of model Linda Sobek. He was later convicted. 1998 - Dennis Rodman filed for an annulment from Carmen Electra. The two had been married on November 14, 1998. 1998 - The tobacco industry signed the biggest U.S. civil settlement. It was a $206-billion deal to resolve remaining state claims for treating sick smokers. 1998 - A U.S. federal judge rejected a Virginia county's effort to block pornography on library computer calling the attempt unconstitutional. 2001 - A crowd of 87,555 people watched the Texas Longhorns beat the Texas A&M Aggies 21-7. The crowd was the largest to see a football game in Texas. 2010 - North Korea shelled Yeonpyeong Island.
1889 The first jukebox was installed at the Palais Royal Saloon in San Francisco. 1936 First issue of Life magazine hit the newsstands. The cover photograph, by Margaret Bourke-White, featured the Fort Peck Dam. 1945 U.S. wartime food rationing, of meat, butter, and other foods, ended. 1971 People's Republic of China was seated at the UN Security Council. 2003 Eduard Shevardnadze resigned as president of Georgia.
The following links are to web sites that were used to complete this blog entry:
http://www.historyorb.com/today/events.php
http://on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/nov23.htm
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history
http://www.infoplease.com/dayinhistory
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