Once again, it should be reiterated, that this does not pretend to be a very extensive history of what happened on this day (nor is it the most original - the links can be found down below). If you know something that I am missing, by all means, shoot me an email or leave a comment, and let me know!
Sep 23, 1943: Mussolini re-establishes a fascist regime in northern Italy
On this day in 1943, Benito Mussolini, deposed dictator of Italy, fashions a new fascist republic--by the leave of his new German masters--which he "rules" from his headquarters in northern Italy.
In July 1943, after a Grand Council vote of "no confidence," Mussolini was thrust from power and quickly placed under house arrest. The Italian masses, who had so enthusiastically embraced him for his promises of a new Italian "empire," now despised him for the humiliating defeat they had suffered during the war. But Mussolini still had one fan--Adolf Hitler.
Gen. Pietro Badoglio, who had assumed authority in Mussolini's absence, knew there might be an attempt to break the former Duce out of his confinement, and so moved him to a hotel in the Apennine Mountains. Despite the presence of an entire army of armed police, German commandos in a bold move swept onto an Apennine mountain peak from the air, overran the hotel, and flew Mussolini to Hitler's headquarters on the Russian front.
Mussolini could not sit still long and wanted to return to Italy to reassume power. But his German "patrons" had no intention of allowing him, whom they regarded as incompetent, to return to the scene of the disaster. So in order to pacify--and control--him, he was set up in a German-controlled area of northern Italy, Gargnano, on Lake Garda. Mussolini set about creating a reformed version of fascism, one that supposedly had learned from past mistakes and included elections and a free press. His "Verona Manifesto" was the blueprint for this new fascist republic-the Republic of Salo--where his government departments had fled in light of the Italian surrender to the Allies.
Of course, there were never any elections in the new fascist republic, and no freedom of anything. Salo was little more than a police state clogged with aging Black Shirts--corrupt, viscous, and delusional. And Mussolini, geographically removed from Salo, ensconced at Lake Garda as he was, controlled nothing. He was little more than a puppet of the Germans, spewing anti-Allied propaganda and avenging himself and his masters on traitors to the party by ordering the executions of former Grand Council members--including his own son-in-law, Count Ciano. Eventually, the Allied advance into northern Italy, and the brave guerilla warfare waged by the Italian partisans, spelled the end of Salo-and its paper ruler.
Sep 23, 1875: Billy the Kid arrested for first time
On this day in 1875, Billy the Kid is arrested for the first time after stealing a basket of laundry. He later broke out of jail and roamed the American West, eventually earning a reputation as an outlaw and murderer and a rap sheet that allegedly included 21 murders.
The exact details of Billy the Kid's birth are unknown, other than his name, William Henry McCarty. He was probably born sometime between 1859 and 1861, in Indiana or New York. As a child, he had no relationship with his father and moved around with his family, living in Indiana, Kansas, Colorado and Silver City, New Mexico. His mother died in 1874 and Billy the Kid—who went by a variety of names throughout his life, including Kid Antrim and William Bonney—turned to crime soon afterward.
McCarty did a stint as a horse thief in Arizona before returning to New Mexico, where he hooked up with a gang of gunslingers and cattle rustlers involved in the notorious Lincoln County War between rival rancher and merchant factions in Lincoln County in 1878. Afterward, Billy the Kid, who had a slender build, prominent crooked front teeth and a love of singing, went on the lam and continued his outlaw's life, stealing cattle and horses, gambling and killing people. His crimes earned him a bounty on his head and he was eventually captured and indicted for killing a sheriff during the Lincoln County War. Billy the Kid was sentenced to hang for his crime; however, a short time later, he managed another jail break, murdering two deputies in the process. Billy the Kid's freedom was brief, as Sheriff Pat Garrett caught up with the desperado at Fort Sumner, New Mexico, on July 14, 1881, and fatally shot him.
Although his life was short, Billy the Kid's legend grew following his death. Today he is a famous symbol of the Old West, along with such men as Kit Carson, Jesse James, Wild Bill Hickok, Doc Holliday and Wyatt Earp, and his story has been mythologized and romanticized in numerous films, books, TV shows and songs. Each year, tourists visit the town of Fort Sumner, located about 160 miles southeast of Albuquerque, to see the Billy the Kid Museum
Here's a more detailed look at events that transpired on this date throughout history:
951 - Otto I the Great becomes king of Italy
1122 - Concord of Worms
1408 - Battle of Othée; victory of John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy over Liège.
1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English Wars of the Roses, is fought at Blore Heath in Staffordshire.
1513 - King Henry III & Emperor Maximilian conquer Doornik
1561 - King Philip II of Spain forbids Spanish settlements in Florida
1642 - Harvard College in Cambridge, Mass, 1st commencement
1739 - Russia & Turkey sign Peace of Belgrade
1746 - Jacob Gilles appointed Dutch pension advisor
1779 - John Paul Jones' "Bon Homme Richard" defeats HMS Serepis
1780 - Brit Maj John Andre reveals Benedict Arnold's plot to betray West Pt
1795 - Conseil of the Cinq-Cents (Council of 500), forms in Paris
1803 - Battle of Assaye-British-Indian forces beat Maratha Army
1806 - Lewis & Clark return to St Louis from Pacific Northwest
1818 - Border demarcation markers for Moresnet formally installed.
1821 - Fall of Tripolitsa, Greece, massacre of 30.000 Turks.
1830 - Dutch troops occupy Brussels
1835 - HMS Beagle sails to Charles Island in Galapagos archipelago
1845 - 1st baseball team, NY Knickerbockers organize, adopt rule code
US Defector General Benedict ArnoldUS Defector General Benedict Arnold 1845 - Hunger strike in Hague
1846 - Johann Gottfried Galle & Heinrich d'Arrest find Neptune
1857 - Russian warship Leffort disappears in a storm in the Gulf of Finland; 826 die
1862 - Lincoln's Emancipation is published in Northern Newspapers
1863 - Confederate siege of Chattanooga begins
1864 - Battle of Athens VA
1868 - Grito de Lares proclaims Puerto Rico's independence (crushed by Spain)
1873 - Tom Allen beats Mike McCale for Heavyweight Boxing title
1876 - Ottawa Rough Riders play their 1st game
1877 - Hurricane strikes Curacao & Bonaire kills 200
1879 - Baldwin steam motors tram 1st tried in Sydney Australia
1879 - Richard Rhodes invented a hearing aid called the Audiophone
1880 - Jules Ferry forms French government
1884 - Herman Hollerith patents his mechanical tabulating machine.
1889 - Nintendo Koppai (Later Nintendo Company, Limited) founded by Fusajiro Yamauchi to produce and market the playing card game Hanafuda.
1890 - Ed Cartwright bats in 7 RBIs in 1 inning
1895 - French labor union CGT (Confederation Generale du Travail) forms
1897 - 1st frontier days rodeo celebration (Cheyene Wyoming)
1904 - Francis Younghusbands leaves Lhasa Tibet
1905 - Mbunga-siege of Fort Mahenge German East-Africa broken
1907 - Proclamation sets fineness & weight of silver & bronze coins of Canada
1908 - Giant Fred (Bonehead) Merkle fails to touch 2nd, causes 3rd out in 9th & disallows winning run (game ends tied, Cubs win replay & pennant)
1908 - University of Alberta opens
1911 - Earl Ovington becomes 1st air mail pilot
1912 - 1st Mack Sennett "Keystone Comedy" movie released
1912 - Mark Sennet presents 1st Keystone Cops film (Cohen Collects a Debt)
1913 - Roland Garros is 1st to fly over Mediterranean Sea
1913 - Serbian troops march into Albania
1914 - Reds drop their 19th straight game, then beat Boston Braves
1920 - Alexander Millerand elected president of France
1922 - B Brechts "Drum in the Night," premieres in Germany
1922 - Gdynia Seaport Construction Act passed by the Polish parliament.
1923 - 80,000 demonstrate in Amsterdam against Fleet law
1925 - George Kaufman's "Butter & Egg Man," premieres in NYC
1925 - Washington shortstop Roger Peckinpaugh is named AL MVP
Heavyweight Boxing Champion Jack DempseyHeavyweight Boxing Champion Jack Dempsey 1926 - Gene Tunney beats Jack Dempsey in 10 for heavyweight boxing title
1932 - Kingdom of Hejaz & Nejd merge into Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
1933 - Yanks commit 7 errors in 1 game but beat Boston 16-12
1936 - Giants Carl Hubbell notches his 16th en route to 24 consecutive wins
1937 - Yankees lose 9-5 but clinch pennant when Red Sox beat Detroit
1938 - British premier Neville Chamberlain flies to Munich
1938 - Time capsule, to be opened in 6939, buried at World's Fair in NYC (capsule contained a woman's hat, man's pipe & 1,100' of microfilm)
1939 - Cookie Lavagetto goes 6 for 6-Dodgers get 27 hits & beat Phillies 22-4
1940 - -27] French/British assault on French fleet in Dakar, flees
1940 - Dutch nazi collaborator Mussert's 1st meeting with Hitler
1941 - General de Gaulle forms government in exile in London
1941 - German air raid on Russ naval base Kronstadt (battleship Marat sinks)
1941 - The first gas murder experiments are conducted at Auschwitz.
1942 - Auschwitz begins experimental gassing executions
1942 - Russian counter offensive at Stalingrad
Dictator of Nazi Germany Adolf HitlerDictator of Nazi Germany Adolf Hitler 1942 - Transport nr 36 departs with French Jews to nazi-Germany
1948 - Braves clinch NL pennant
1949 - Indian owner Bill Veeck holds funeral services to bury 1948 pennant
1949 - Harry Truman announces evidence of USSR's 1st nuclear device detonation
1950 - Patty Berg wins LPGA Sunset Hills Golf Open
1950 - Phila A's Joe Astroth is 4th to get 6 RBIs in an inning (6th)
1950 - US Mustangs accidentally bombs British on Hill 282 Korea, 17 killed
1952 - 1st closed circuit pay-TV telecast of a sports event
1952 - Dodgers clinch NL pennant
1952 - Richard Nixon makes his "Checker's" speech
1952 - Rocky Marciano KOs Jersey Joe Walcott in 13 for heavyweight boxing title
1953 - KHQA TV channel 7 in Hannibal-Quincy, MO (CBS) begins broadcasting
1955 - Pakistan signs Pact of Baghdad
1955 - Yanks clinch pennant by beating Red Sox, 3-2
1957 - "That'll Be Day" by Buddy Holly & Crickets reaches #1
Singer Buddy HollySinger Buddy Holly 1957 - Milwaukee Braves clinch NL pennant by beating Cards 4-2
1957 - WTIC TV channel 61 in Hartford, CT (CBS/FOX) begins broadcasting
1957 - White mob forces 9 black students who had entered a Little Rock high school in Arkansas to withdraw
1958 - Great Britain performs atmospheric nuclear test at Christmas Island
1958 - Stravinsky's "Thieni," premieres in Venetië
1958 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1959 - 1959 The M/S Princess of Tasmania Australia's first passenger RO/RO diesel ferry makes maiden voyage across Bass Strait.
1961 - 1st movie to become a TV series-How to Marry a Millionaire
1961 - Ernie Banks ends 717 consecutive-games-played streak
1962 - ABC's 1st color TV series-Jetsons
1962 - LA Dodger Maury Wills steals record setting #97 on his way to 104
1962 - Martin Walser's "Esche und Angora," premieres in Berlin
1962 - Mary Lena Faulk wins LPGA Visalia Golf Open
1962 - NY's Philharmonic Hall (since renamed Avery Fisher Hall) opens as 1st unit of Lincoln Center for Performing Arts
1963 - Georgette Ciselet is 1st woman on Belgian Council of State
Hall of Fame MLB shortstop Ernie BanksHall of Fame MLB shortstop Ernie Banks 1963 - WMEB TV channel 12 in Orono, ME (PBS) begins broadcasting
1964 - "Fiddler on the Roof" with Zero Mostel premieres in NYC
1967 - Greek Colonels regime frees ex-premier Georgios Papandreou
1967 - Radio Malta stops testing
1968 - WKAS TV channel 25 in Ashland, KY (PBS) begins broadcasting
1968 - WKGB TV channel 53 in Bowling Green, KY (PBS) begins broadcasting
1968 - WKLE TV channel 46 in Lexington, KY (PBS) begins broadcasting
1968 - WKMA TV channel 35 in Madisonville, KY (PBS) begins broadcasting
1968 - WKMR TV channel 38 in Morehead, KY (PBS) begins broadcasting
1968 - WKON TV channel 52 in Owenton, KY (PBS) begins broadcasting
1968 - WKSO TV channel 29 in Somerset, KY (PBS) begins broadcasting
1968 - WKZT TV channel 23 in Elizabethtown, KY (PBS) begins broadcasting
1969 - 1st broadcast of "Marcus Welby MD" on ABC-TV
1969 - Northern Star and Illinois Univ newspaper start rumors that Paul McCartney is dead
1970 - Abdul Razak bin Hussain becomes premier of Malaysia
1970 - Gary Muhrcke wins 1st NY Marathon
1971 - John Vermeers painting "The liefdesbrief" stolen
1972 - Philippines President Ferdinand Marcos declares martial law
1972 - President Marcos ends emergency crisis in Philippines
1973 - Former Argentine President Juan Peron returns to power
1973 - Kathy Whitworth wins LPGA Portland Ladies Golf Open
1973 - Largest known prime, 2 ^ 132,049-1, is discovered
1974 - "Gypsy" opens at Winter Garden Theater NYC for 120 performances
1974 - BBC Ceefax begins 1st teletext service
1976 - Ford-Carter TV debate
1976 - South Africa decides to allow multi-racial teams to represent them
1976 - Soyuz 22 returns to Earth
1977 - 3rd test of Space Shuttle Enterprise
1977 - Cheryl Ladd replaces Farrah Fawcett on Charlie's Angels
1978 - 100,000 cheering Egyptians welcome Sadat home from Camp David summit
Actress Jane FondaActress Jane Fonda 1979 - Jane Fonda & 200,000 attend anti-nuke rally in Battery Park, NYC
1979 - Sandra Post wins LPGA ERA Real Estate Golf Classic
1979 - Somali constitution approved by president
1979 - St Louis legend Lou Brock steals 938th & final base of his career
1980 - Big Thunder Mountain Railroad opens
1982 - "Doll's Life" opens at Mark Hellinger Theater NYC for 5 performances
1982 - Amin Gemayel sworn in as president of Lebanon
1982 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1983 - Argentina milt regime gives amnesty to military/political assassins
1983 - Columbia moves to Vandenberg AFB for mating in preparation of STS-9
1983 - Gerrie Coetzee KOs Michael Dokes in 10 for heavyweight boxing title
1983 - Heavyweight Gerrie Coetzee KOs Michael Dokes in Ohio
1983 - Phillies Steve Carlton is 16th to wins 300 game (beating Cards)
1984 - 36th Emmy Awards: Hill St Blue, Cheers, John Ritter & Tyne Daly
1984 - Amy Alcott wins LPGA San Jose Golf Classic
1984 - SF 49er Joe Montana misses his 1st start in 49 games
1984 - Sparky Anderson is 1st manager to win 100 games in both leagues
1986 - Astro Jim Deshaies strikes out 1st 8 Dodger of game (ends with 10)
1986 - Congress selects the rose as US national flower
1988 - Fiji's new constitution is proposed
1988 - Jose Canseco is baseball's 1st to steal 40 bases & hit 40 HRs
1988 - Rosa Mota wins 2nd female olympic marathon (2:25:39)
1989 - Blue Jays bat out of order against Brewers in 6th inning
1990 - Nancy Lopez wins MBS LPGA Golf Classic
1990 - PBS begins an 11 hour miniseries on Civil War
1990 - Saddam says he will destroy Israel
1992 - Bill Comrie purchases BC Lions from CFL
1992 - Bradlees announces it will take over Alexander's dept stores in NYC
1992 - Jackson Browne reportedly beats girlfriend Daryl Hannah
1992 - Mud storm kills 30 in South France
1992 - 1st female to play in a NHL exhibition game (Manon Rheaume, goalie) for Tampa Bay Lightning - gives up 2 goals on 9 attempts in 1 period
1993 - "Les Miserables," opens at Playhouse, Edinburgh
1993 - Paul Chu group reports super conduction at -123°C (record high)
1996 - Howard Stern radio show premieres in Wilkes-Barre PA (WZMT 97.9 FM)
1996 - Howard Stern radio show premieres in West Palm Beach FL (WCLB 95.5 FM)
1997 - Seattle Mariners break record for most HRs in a year (258)
1999 - NASA announces that it has lost contact with the Mars Climate Orbiter.
1999 - Qantas Flight 1 overruns the runway in Bangkok during a storm. While some passengers only received minor injuries, it is still the worst crash in Qantas's history to date.
2002 - The first public version of the web browser Mozilla Firefox ("Phoenix 0.1") is released.
2004 - At least 1,070 in Haiti reported killed by floods due to Hurricane Jeanne
2005 - FBI killing of Filiberto Ojeda on Plan Bonito Hormigueros, Puerto Rico.
2012 - Iran blocks the use of Google as a search engine
2012 - 20 Iranian US Visas are denied, including diplomats and two ministers, ahead of the UN general assembly meeting in New York
2012 - Scientists discover four genetically distinct types of breast cancer
1642 - The first commencement at Harvard College, in Cambridge, MA, was held. 1779 - John Paul Jones, commander of the American warship Bon Homme, was quoted as saying "I have not yet begun to fight!" 1780 - John Andre, a British spy, was captured with papers revealing that Benedict Arnold was going to surrender West Point, NY, to the British. 1806 - The Corps of Discovery, the Lewis and Clark expedition, reached St. Louis, MO, and ended the trip to the Pacific Northwest. 1838 - Victoria Chaflin Woodhull was born. She became the first female candidate for the U.S. Presidency. 1845 - The Knickerbocker Base Ball Club of New York was formed by Alexander Joy Cartwright. It was the first baseball team in America. 1846 - Astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle discovered the planet Neptune. 1912 - "Keystone Comedy" by Mack Sennett was released. 1930 - Flashbulbs were patented by Johannes Ostermeier. 1951 - The first transcontinental telecast was received on the west coast. The show "Crusade for Freedom" was broadcast by CBS-TV from New York. 1952 - The first Pay Television sporting event took place. The Marciano-Walcott fight was seen in 49 theaters in 31 cities. 1952 - Richard Nixon gave his "Checkers Speech". At the time he was a candidate for U.S. vice-president. 1953 - "The Robe" premiered in Hollywood a week after its premiere in New York. The 20th Century Fox movie had been filmed using the Cinemascope wide screen process. 1957 - Nine black students withdrew from Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas due to the white mob outside. 1962 - New York's Philharmonic Hall opened. It was the first unit of the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. The hall was later renamed the Avery Fisher Hall. 1962 - "The Jetsons" premiered on ABC-TV. It was the first program on the network to be carried in color. 1964 - The new ceiling painting of the Paris Opera house was unveiled. The work was done by Russian-born artist Marc Chagall. 1973 - Overthrown Argentine president Juan Peron was returned to power. He had been overthrown in 1955. His wife, Eva Duarte, was the subject of the musical "Evita." 1981 - The Reagan administration announced its plans for what became known as Radio Marti. 1986 - Japanese newspapers quoted Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone as saying that minorities lowered the "intelligence level" of America. 1990 - Iraq publicly threatened to destroy Middle East oil fields and to attack Israel if any nation tried to force it from Kuwait. 1991 - U.N. weapons inspectors find documents detailing Iraq's secret nuclear weapons program. The find in Baghdad triggered a standoff with authorities in Iraq. 1993 - The Israeli parliament ratified the Israel-PLO accord. 1993 - Blacks were allowed a role in the South African government after a parliamentary vote. 1998 - Jamie Lee Curtis received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. 1999 - A 17-month-old girl fell 230 feet from the Capilano Suspension Bridge in North Vancouver, British Columbia. The girl had bruises but no broken limbs from the fall onto a rocky ledge. 1999 - Siegfried & Roy received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
1779 John Paul Jones declared "I have not yet begun to fight!" aboard the American warship Bonhomme Richard in the battle against the British man-of-war Serapis. 1806 After a three-year journey to the Pacific Northwest, the Lewis and Clark expedition returned to St. Louis. 1846 German astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle discovered the planet Neptune. 1939 Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, died in London. 1952 Vice presidential candidate Richard Nixon delivered his "Checkers speech" rebutting charges of improper campaign financing. 1973 Former Argentine president Juan Perón returned to power. 2011 Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas officially requests a bid for statehood at the UN Security Council.
The following links are to web sites that were used to complete this blog entry:
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