http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history
July 23, 1914: Austria-Hungary issues ultimatum to Serbia
At six o'clock in the evening on July 23, 1914, nearly one month after the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife by a young Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo, Bosnia, Baron Giesl von Gieslingen, ambassador of the Austro-Hungarian Empire to Serbia, delivers an ultimatum to the Serbian foreign ministry.
Acting with the full support of its allies in Berlin, Austria-Hungary had determined in the aftermath of Franz Ferdinand's assassination to pursue a hard-line policy towards Serbia. Their plan, developed in coordination with the German foreign office, was to force a military conflict that would, Vienna hoped, end quickly and decisively with a crushing Austrian victory before the rest of Europe—namely, Serbia's powerful ally, Russia—had time to react. As the German ambassador to Vienna reported to his government on July 14, the [note] to Serbia is being composed so that the possibility of its being accepted is practically excluded.
According to the terms of the ultimatum delivered on July 23, the Serbian government would have to accept an Austro-Hungarian inquiry into the assassination, notwithstanding its claim that it was already conducting its own internal investigation. Serbia was also to suppress all anti-Austrian propaganda and to take steps to root out and eliminate terrorist organizations within its borders—one such organization, the Black Hand, was believed to have aided and abetted the archduke's killer, Gavrilo Princip, and his cohorts, providing weapons and safe passage from Belgrade to Sarajevo. The Dual Monarchy demanded an answer to the note within 48 hours—by that time, however, anticipating Serbian defiance, Gieslingen had already packed his bags and prepared to leave the embassy.
While the world waited for Serbia's response, Germany worked diplomatically to contain the effects of the ultimatum, but none of the other great powers, with reason, were inclined to see Austria-Hungary, with its relatively weak military, as acting alone. By 1914, the battle lines had been drawn in Europe: if Germany stood with Austria-Hungary against Serbia (and by extension, Russia) then Russia's allies, France and Britain, would be likely to step into the fray as well.
The British cabinet, just after receiving the news of the Austrian note to Serbia, held a meeting in London, one that had previously been devoted to discussing Ireland's desire for independence. This note, as Winston Churchill famously wrote, was clearly an ultimatum, but it was an ultimatum such as had never been penned in modern times. As the reading proceeded it seemed absolutely impossible that any State in the world could accept it, or that any acceptance, however abject, would satisfy the aggressor. The parishes of Fermanagh and Tyrone faded back into the mists and squalls of Ireland, and a strange light beganto fall upon the map of Europe.
On receipt of the ultimatum, Serbia at once appealed to Russia, whose council of ministers met on July 24 to determine a course of action. Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Sazonov voiced his belief that Germany was using the crisis over the archduke's death as a pretext for starting a preventive war to defend its interests in the region. Defying Austro-German expectations that Russia would back down in the case of such a conflict, the council agreed to order four military districts to prepare for mobilization.
Meanwhile, in Belgrade on the afternoon of July 25, convinced that Austria-Hungary was preparing for a fight, Serbian Prime Minister Nicola Pasic ordered the Serbian army to mobilize. Pasic himself delivered the Serbian answer to the ultimatum to Gieslingen at the Austrian embassy, just before the 6 p.m. deadline. Serbia's response effectively accepted all terms of the ultimatum but one: it would not accept Austria-Hungary's participation in any internal inquiry, stating that this would be a violation of the Constitution and of the law of criminal procedure. This response did much to appeal Pasic and his country to international observers of the conflict; to Vienna, however, it made little difference. Gieslingen, bags packed and car waiting to drive him to the railroad station, broke the Dual Monarchy's diplomatic relations with Serbia and left to catch his train. Three days later, on July 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, beginning the First World War.
Here was something of relevance that occurred on this date as well: Marshal Henri Pétain a hero for France for World War I, and the dictator of France during the dark days of the authoritarian Vichy regime, died on this day in 1951.
July 23, 1951: Petain, leader of the Vichy government, dies
On this day in 1951, General Henri-Philippe Petain, French national hero of World War I, who was convicted of collaboration with the German occupiers of his country during World War II and sentenced to life in prison, dies. He is 95.
A graduate of Saint-Cyr Military Academy, Petain served as a second lieutenant in the Alpine regiment, where he developed a reputation for camaraderie with the average foot soldier. He then went on to a controversial teaching career at the War College, where he propounded theories that were in direct conflict with commonly held ideas, especially his contention that a strong defense was the key to victory, not the "always be on the attack" strategy common to the French military at the time.
During World War I, General Petain distinguished himself at the Battle of Verdun, during which he successfully repulsed German attacks on the fortress city. He was an inspiration to his troops and successfully squelched near mutinies within the army after disastrous offensives led by General Robert-Georges Nivelle. Petain regained the confidence—and loyalty—of those soldiers when he was named Nivelle's successor, improving their living conditions and initiating open communication between command and troops.
After the outbreak of World War II, Petain was named vice premier by Premier Paul Reynaud. As Germany began to overrun more French territory, the French Cabinet became desperate. Reynaud continued to hold out hope, refusing to ask for an armistice, especially now that France had received assurance from Britain that the two would fight as one, and that Britain would continue to fight the Germans even if France were completely overtaken. But others in the government were despondent and wanted to sue for peace. Reynaud resigned in protest. Petain then formed a new government and asked the Germans for an armistice—in effect, surrendering. The man who had become a legendary war hero for successfully fighting off a German attack on French soil was now surrendering to Hitler.
In the city of Vichy, the French Senate and Chamber of Deputies conferred on the 84-year-old general the title of "Chief of State," making him a virtual dictator—although one controlled by Berlin. Petain believed that he could negotiate a better deal for his country—for example, obtaining the release of prisoners of war—by cooperating, or, as some would say, appeasing, the Germans.
When Paris was finally liberated by General Charles de Gaulle in 1944, Petain fled to Germany. He was brought back after the war to stand trial for his double-dealing ways. He was sentenced to death, which was then commuted to life in solitary confinement. He died at 95 in a prison fortress. Ironically, the man responsible for saving his life was De Gaulle. He and Petain had fought in the same unit in World War I. Petain's bravery during that world war had not been forgotten.
I thought that this was pretty interesting, as well. Roger Sherman, one of the Founding Fathers, died on this day in 1793:
July 23, 1793: Connecticut Patriot Roger Sherman dies
On this day in 1793, Roger Sherman, a Connecticut Patriot and member of the Committee of Five selected to draft the Declaration of Independence, dies of typhoid in New Haven, Connecticut, at age 72. Sherman alone among the Patriots of the American Revolution signed all four documents gradually assigning sovereignty to the new United States: the Continental Association of 1774, the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution. Thomas Jefferson credited Sherman with having never said a foolish thing in his life.
Although Sherman was a self-educated shoemaker, raised on the western frontier of Massachusetts, he would eventually distinguish himself as a surveyor and astronomer; join the Bar of Litchfield, Connecticut; and serve as both a professor of religion and treasurer of Yale College in New Haven, Connecticut. He served in numerous elective and judicial offices, including in the Second Continental Congress, in the Connecticut General Assembly, and as justice of the peace, justice of the Superior Court of Connecticut and a representative in the first United States Congress. Sherman was the mayor of New Haven and a member of the United States Senate at the time of his death. Sherman was as prolific in his personal life as he was in his political career. He had seven children with his first wife, Elizabeth Hartwell, and eight more with his second wife, Rebecca Minot Prescott.
Sherman was buried near the Yale campus. He is remembered with a statue at the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia and a street named in his honor in Madison, Wisconsin.
Arabs gained control of most of Palestine from the Byzantine Empire on this date in history. Crusaders attacked Damascus. The first lighthouse in the United States was authorized for construction on this day. Napoleon captured Alexandria, Egypt. Ulysses S. Grant died on this day. The Austro-Hungarian Empire issued an ultimatum to Serbia, in the major action that would eventually snowball to the outbreak of the Great War, or World War I. This was the anniversary of the German bombing of London, and later, of Hitler's Directive #45 - to occupy Stalingrad - an order that the German Army was not able to fulfill, and that would prove to be the major turning point of the war against the Germans. This was an important, if shameful, day in the history of Marshal Henri Pétain, who was sent to trial on this date for treason in 1945, and later died on this same date in 1951. A bloodless coup by the military precipitated a revolution in Egypt. South African union leader Billy Nair was arrested on this day in 1990, while reform was allegedly underway in South Africa.
Here's a more detailed look at events that transpired on this date throughout history:
636 - Arabs gain control of most of Palestine from Byzantine Empire
685 - John V begins his reign as Catholic Pope
1148 - Crusaders attack Damascus
1215 - Frederik II crowns himself Roman Catholic king
1253 - Jews are expelled from Vienne France by order of Pope Innocent III
1298 - Rindfleisch Persecutions - Jewish community in Wurzburg Germany massacred
1403 - Battle of Shrewsbury fought by Percys against King Henry IV
1431 - Council of Basel opens
1431 - G Cesarini opens Counsel of Basel (Ferrara/Florence)
1453 - Battle at Gavere: Philip the Good beats Gentse rebellion
1532 - Karel I & evangelical monarchy signs Peace of Neurenberg
1540 - Turkey recognizes Janos Sigismund Zapolyai as vassal-king of Hungary
1558 - Battle at Grevelingen: Gen/earl Lamoraal van Egmont beat France
1572 - Willem van Oranges troops occupy Roermond on the Spanjaarden
1594 - Groningen surrenders to earl Mauritius/Willem Louis
1599 - Caravaggio's 1st public commission for paintings
1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe, France.
1645 - Aleksei Mihailovitch Romanov succeeds his father Michael as czar
1664 - 4 British ships to drive Dutch out of NY, arrive in Boston
685 - John V begins his reign as Catholic Pope
1148 - Crusaders attack Damascus
1215 - Frederik II crowns himself Roman Catholic king
1253 - Jews are expelled from Vienne France by order of Pope Innocent III
1298 - Rindfleisch Persecutions - Jewish community in Wurzburg Germany massacred
1403 - Battle of Shrewsbury fought by Percys against King Henry IV
1431 - Council of Basel opens
1431 - G Cesarini opens Counsel of Basel (Ferrara/Florence)
1453 - Battle at Gavere: Philip the Good beats Gentse rebellion
1532 - Karel I & evangelical monarchy signs Peace of Neurenberg
1540 - Turkey recognizes Janos Sigismund Zapolyai as vassal-king of Hungary
1558 - Battle at Grevelingen: Gen/earl Lamoraal van Egmont beat France
1572 - Willem van Oranges troops occupy Roermond on the Spanjaarden
1594 - Groningen surrenders to earl Mauritius/Willem Louis
1599 - Caravaggio's 1st public commission for paintings
1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe, France.
1645 - Aleksei Mihailovitch Romanov succeeds his father Michael as czar
1664 - 4 British ships to drive Dutch out of NY, arrive in Boston
1715 - The first lighthouse in America was authorized for construction at Little Brewster Island, Massachusetts.
1726 - Benjamin Franklin sails back to Philadelphia
1745 - Charles Stuart, the Younger, lands at Eriskay Island, Hebrides
1764 - James Otis publishes views on taxation without representation
1793 - The Prussians conquer Mayence.
1798 - Napoleon captures Alexandria, Egypt
1803 - Robert Emmett leads rebellion in Dublin
1812 - Battle of Mogilev Russia-Napolean fights Czar Alexander I
1827 - The first swimming school in the U.S. opened in Boston, MA.
1726 - Benjamin Franklin sails back to Philadelphia
1745 - Charles Stuart, the Younger, lands at Eriskay Island, Hebrides
1764 - James Otis publishes views on taxation without representation
1793 - The Prussians conquer Mayence.
1798 - Napoleon captures Alexandria, Egypt
1803 - Robert Emmett leads rebellion in Dublin
1812 - Battle of Mogilev Russia-Napolean fights Czar Alexander I
1827 - The first swimming school in the U.S. opened in Boston, MA.
1829 - William Burt patented the typographer, which was the first typewriter.
1833 - Cornerstones are laid for the construction of the Kirtland Temple in Kirtland, Ohio.
1834 - HMS Beagle anchors in Bay of Valparaiso
1840 - Union Act passed by British Parliament, uniting Upper & Lower Canada
1848 - Battle of Custoza-Italian War of Independence, starts
1850 - 17th Postmaster General: Nathan K Hall of NY takes office
1851 - Treaty of Traverse des Sioux signed by Sioux Indians & US
1852 - 1st interment in US National Cemetery at Presidio
1858 - Jewish Disabilities Removal Act passed by British Parliament
1833 - Cornerstones are laid for the construction of the Kirtland Temple in Kirtland, Ohio.
1834 - HMS Beagle anchors in Bay of Valparaiso
1840 - Union Act passed by British Parliament, uniting Upper & Lower Canada
1848 - Battle of Custoza-Italian War of Independence, starts
1850 - 17th Postmaster General: Nathan K Hall of NY takes office
1851 - Treaty of Traverse des Sioux signed by Sioux Indians & US
1852 - 1st interment in US National Cemetery at Presidio
1858 - Jewish Disabilities Removal Act passed by British Parliament
1863 - Alexandra Park opens in North London
1864 - Battle of Woodstock, VA
1866 - Cincinnati Baseball club (Red Stockings) forms
1870 - Emperor Napoleon III appoints Empress Eugenie as Regent of France
1874 - Aires de Ornelas e Vasconcelos is appointed the Archbishop of the Portuguese colonial enclave of Goa.
1877 - The first municipal railroad passenger service began in Cincinnati, Ohio.
1864 - Battle of Woodstock, VA
1866 - Cincinnati Baseball club (Red Stockings) forms
1870 - Emperor Napoleon III appoints Empress Eugenie as Regent of France
1874 - Aires de Ornelas e Vasconcelos is appointed the Archbishop of the Portuguese colonial enclave of Goa.
1877 - The first municipal railroad passenger service began in Cincinnati, Ohio.
1877 - 1st telephone & telegraph line in Hawaii completed
1880 - 1st commercial hydroelectric power planet begins, Grand Rapids, Mich
1880 - 1st commercial hydroelectric power planet begins, Grand Rapids, Mich
1885 - Ulysses S. Grant, the 18th president of the United States, died at Mount McGregor, N.Y., at age 63.
1886 - Steve Brodie, a New York saloonkeeper, claimed to have made a daredevil plunge from the Brooklyn Bridge into the East River.
1886 - Steve Brodie, a New York saloonkeeper, claimed to have made a daredevil plunge from the Brooklyn Bridge into the East River.
1888 - John Boyd Dunlop, applies to patent pneumatic tire
1890 - Jack Barrett carries his cricket bat for Australia at Lord's (67)
1900 - Pan-African Congress meets in London
1903 - Ford Motor Co sells 1st Model A car
1904 - The ice cream cone was invented by Charles E. Menches during the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, MO.
1890 - Jack Barrett carries his cricket bat for Australia at Lord's (67)
1900 - Pan-African Congress meets in London
1903 - Ford Motor Co sells 1st Model A car
1904 - The ice cream cone was invented by Charles E. Menches during the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, MO.
1906 - Pogroms against Jews in Oddessa
1907 - 7th Davis Cup: Australasia beats British Isles in Wimbledon (3-2)
1913 - Arabs attack Jewish community of Rechovot Palestine
1914 - Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia following the killing of Archduke Francis Ferdinand by a Serb assassin. The dispute led to World War I.
1913 - Arabs attack Jewish community of Rechovot Palestine
1914 - Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia following the killing of Archduke Francis Ferdinand by a Serb assassin. The dispute led to World War I.
1917 - Cleveland Metropolitan Park District establishes
1920 - British East Africa renamed Kenya & becomes a British crown colony
1921 - Chinese communist party forms under Henk Sneevliet
1921 - Edward Gourdin of US, sets then long jump record at 25' 2 3/4"
1925 - NY Yankee Lou Gehrig hits his 1st of 23 career grand slammers
1926 - Belgian NMBS/SNCFB forms
1926 - France government of Poincaré, forms
1929 - The Fascist government in Italy bans the use of foreign words.
1930 - Earthquake strikes Ariano Italy, 1,500 killed
1930 - Pitts Pie Traynor ends both games with HRs (1st in 9th, 2nd in 13th)
1931 - Ashmore & Cartier Is in Indian Ocean transferred to Australia
1931 - France announces they can't afford to send a team to 1932 LA olympics
1934 - Bradman completes 304 at Headingley, 430 mins, 43 fours 2 sixes
1935 - Airplane crashes into the Empire State Building
1936 - Anthony M Kennedy, Sacramento CA, Supreme Court Justice
1937 - Isolation of pituitary hormone announced (Yale University)
1938 - Bradman scores 103 in 178 mins on a Headingley sticky, 3rd Test
1920 - British East Africa renamed Kenya & becomes a British crown colony
1921 - Chinese communist party forms under Henk Sneevliet
1921 - Edward Gourdin of US, sets then long jump record at 25' 2 3/4"
1925 - NY Yankee Lou Gehrig hits his 1st of 23 career grand slammers
1926 - Belgian NMBS/SNCFB forms
1926 - France government of Poincaré, forms
1929 - The Fascist government in Italy bans the use of foreign words.
1930 - Earthquake strikes Ariano Italy, 1,500 killed
1930 - Pitts Pie Traynor ends both games with HRs (1st in 9th, 2nd in 13th)
1931 - Ashmore & Cartier Is in Indian Ocean transferred to Australia
1931 - France announces they can't afford to send a team to 1932 LA olympics
1934 - Bradman completes 304 at Headingley, 430 mins, 43 fours 2 sixes
1935 - Airplane crashes into the Empire State Building
1936 - Anthony M Kennedy, Sacramento CA, Supreme Court Justice
1937 - Isolation of pituitary hormone announced (Yale University)
1938 - Bradman scores 103 in 178 mins on a Headingley sticky, 3rd Test
1938 - The first federal game preserve was approved by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The area was 2,000 acres in Utah.
1940 - "Blitz" all-night air raid by German bombers on London begins
1942 - German troops conquer Rostow
1942 - Hitler's Directive #45: order to occupy Stalingrad
1942 - Treblinka Concentration Camp destroyed
1942 - World War II: Operation Edelweiss begins.
1943 - Battle of Koersk, USSR ends in Nazi defeat (6,000 tanks)
1943 - US 45th Infantry division occupies north coast of Termini
1944 - Chicago Cubs Bill Nicholson hits 4 HRs in a doubleheader
1944 - Conference of Bretton Woods signed; IMF operations begin
1944 - Soviet Army marches into Lublin Poland
1944 - US forces invade Japanese-held Tinian in WW II
1944 - US troops occupy Pisa Italy
1945 - Marshal Henri Pétain, leader Vichy-regime, goes on trial
1940 - "Blitz" all-night air raid by German bombers on London begins
1942 - German troops conquer Rostow
1942 - Hitler's Directive #45: order to occupy Stalingrad
1942 - Treblinka Concentration Camp destroyed
1942 - World War II: Operation Edelweiss begins.
1943 - Battle of Koersk, USSR ends in Nazi defeat (6,000 tanks)
1943 - US 45th Infantry division occupies north coast of Termini
1944 - Chicago Cubs Bill Nicholson hits 4 HRs in a doubleheader
1944 - Conference of Bretton Woods signed; IMF operations begin
1944 - Soviet Army marches into Lublin Poland
1944 - US forces invade Japanese-held Tinian in WW II
1944 - US troops occupy Pisa Italy
1945 - Marshal Henri Pétain, leader Vichy-regime, goes on trial
1945 - The first passenger train observation car was placed in service by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad.
1946 - Menachem Begins opposition group bombs King David Hotel
1947 - 1st (US Navy) air squadron of jets, Quonset Point, RI
1948 - Progressive party convention nominates Henry Wallace for President
1949 - Test Cricket debut of Brian Close aged 18 years 149 days
1952 - Revolution erupted in Egypt as the military took power in a bloodless coup. The following year the monarchy was abolished and, for the first time since the pharaohs, Egypt was again ruled by Egyptians. Egyptian military officers led by Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrew King Farouk I. General Neguib seizes power, Monarchy overthrown in Egypt (Natl Day)
1947 - 1st (US Navy) air squadron of jets, Quonset Point, RI
1948 - Progressive party convention nominates Henry Wallace for President
1949 - Test Cricket debut of Brian Close aged 18 years 149 days
1952 - Revolution erupted in Egypt as the military took power in a bloodless coup. The following year the monarchy was abolished and, for the first time since the pharaohs, Egypt was again ruled by Egyptians. Egyptian military officers led by Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrew King Farouk I. General Neguib seizes power, Monarchy overthrown in Egypt (Natl Day)
1954 - A law is passed that states that "The Secretary of the Navy is authorized to repair, equip, and restore the United States Ship Constitution, as far as may be practicable, to her original appearance, but not for active service, and thereafter to maintain the United States Ship Constitution at Boston, Massachusetts."
1955 - NY Yankees Bob Cerv & E Howard are 1st to hit consecutive pinch HRs
1956 - Bell X-2 rocket plane sets world aircraft speed record of 3,050 kph
1956 - Joe Cronin & Hank Greenberg inducted into Hall of Fame
1956 - The Loi Cadre is passed by the French Republic in order to order French overseas territory affairs.
1958 - 1st 4 women named to peerage in House of Lords
1955 - NY Yankees Bob Cerv & E Howard are 1st to hit consecutive pinch HRs
1956 - Bell X-2 rocket plane sets world aircraft speed record of 3,050 kph
1956 - Joe Cronin & Hank Greenberg inducted into Hall of Fame
1956 - The Loi Cadre is passed by the French Republic in order to order French overseas territory affairs.
1958 - 1st 4 women named to peerage in House of Lords
1958 - The submarine Nautilus departed from Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, under orders to conduct "Operation Sunshine." The mission was to be the first vessel to cross the north pole by ship. The Nautils achieved the goal on August 3, 1958.
1959 - VP Richard Nixon begins visit on USSR
1960 - 15th US Women's Open Golf Championship won by Betsy Rawls
1961 - Betsy Rawls wins LPGA Cosmopolitan Golf Open
1961 - Bricusse & Newley's musical "Stop the world I want to ...," premieres
1959 - VP Richard Nixon begins visit on USSR
1960 - 15th US Women's Open Golf Championship won by Betsy Rawls
1961 - Betsy Rawls wins LPGA Cosmopolitan Golf Open
1961 - Bricusse & Newley's musical "Stop the world I want to ...," premieres
1962 - The "Telstar" communications satellite sent the first live TV broadcast to Europe.
1962 - The International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos is signed.
1964 - A's Bert Campaneris HRs on 1st pitch, hits a 2nd HR on 2nd at bat
1962 - The International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos is signed.
1964 - A's Bert Campaneris HRs on 1st pitch, hits a 2nd HR on 2nd at bat
1964 - Egyptian munition ship "Star of Alexandria" explodes at dockside in Bone, Algeria. 100 die, 160 injured, $20 million damage
1965 - Beatles "Help" is released in UK
1965 - Dick Stuart homers in a major league-record 23rd different park
1966 - Cavern Club in Liverpool reopens
1966 - John Pennel pole vaults record (5.34 m)
1966 - Napoleon XIV releases "They're Coming to Take Me Away, Ha! Ha!"
1967 - -27] 43 die in race riot in Detroit (2,000 injured, 442 fires)
1967 - Pirate Radio Swinging Scotland closes down for financial reasons
1968 - Fred Blasie wins 5th wrestling world championship belt
1968 - PLO's 1st hijacking of an El Al plane
1968 - Race riot in Cleveland, 11 including 3 cops killed
1969 - 40th All Star Baseball Game: NL wins 9-3 at RFK Memorial, Wash DC
1969 - All star MVP: Willie McCovey (SF Giants)
1969 - USSR performs nuclear Test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1970 - Qaboos ibn Sa'id becomes Sultan of Oman after overthrowing his father, Sa'id ibn Taimur.
1972 - Eddy Merckx (Belgium) wins his 4th consecutive Tour de France
1972 - Kathy Whitworth wins LPGA Raleigh Golf Classic
1965 - Beatles "Help" is released in UK
1965 - Dick Stuart homers in a major league-record 23rd different park
1966 - Cavern Club in Liverpool reopens
1966 - John Pennel pole vaults record (5.34 m)
1966 - Napoleon XIV releases "They're Coming to Take Me Away, Ha! Ha!"
1967 - -27] 43 die in race riot in Detroit (2,000 injured, 442 fires)
1967 - Pirate Radio Swinging Scotland closes down for financial reasons
1968 - Fred Blasie wins 5th wrestling world championship belt
1968 - PLO's 1st hijacking of an El Al plane
1968 - Race riot in Cleveland, 11 including 3 cops killed
1969 - 40th All Star Baseball Game: NL wins 9-3 at RFK Memorial, Wash DC
1969 - All star MVP: Willie McCovey (SF Giants)
1969 - USSR performs nuclear Test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1970 - Qaboos ibn Sa'id becomes Sultan of Oman after overthrowing his father, Sa'id ibn Taimur.
1972 - Eddy Merckx (Belgium) wins his 4th consecutive Tour de France
1972 - Kathy Whitworth wins LPGA Raleigh Golf Classic
1972 - The U.S. launched Landsat 1 (ERTS-1). It was the first Earth-resources satellite.
1973 - Ozark AL plane knocked out of air by lightning, St Louis-36 die
1973 - Qaboos bin Said Al Said, becomes Sultan & Prime Minister of Oman
1973 - USSR performs nuclear Test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1973 - Pres Nixon refuses to release Watergate tapes of conversations in the White House relevant to the Watergate investigation
1974 - 45th All Star Baseball Game: NL wins 7-2 at 3 Rivers Stadium, Pitts
1974 - All star MVP: Steve Garvey (LA Dodgers)
1974 - Greek military dictatorship collapses
1975 - Alan Ayckbourn's "Absent Friends," premieres in London
1975 - LA Dodgers W Crawford & Lee Lacy are 5th to hit consecutive pinch HRs
1976 - 42nd NFL Chicago All Star Game: Pittsburgh 24, All Stars 0 (52,895)
1976 - Balt Oriole Reggie Jackson homers in 6th straight game
1976 - France performs nuclear Test at Muruora Island
1976 - USSR performs nuclear Test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1976 - Wings release "Let 'em In"
1977 - Washington jury convicts 12 Hanafi Moslems on hostage charges
1978 - 33rd US Women's Open Golf Championship won by Hollis Stacy
1978 - Israeli government rejects Sadat's call for return of 2 Sinai areas
1978 - Phillies Steve Carlton becomes 78th pitcher to win 200
1978 - Reggie Jackson returns & helps Yankees win their 5th straight
1979 - George Brett gets his 1,000th hit
1980 - Billy Carter admits to being paid by Libya
1980 - River of No Return Wilderness Area designated by Jimmy Carter
1980 - Soyuz 37 ferries 2 cosmonauts (1 Vietnamese) to Salyut 6
1982 - FCC approves AM stereo radio, KTSA San Antonio goes stereo
1982 - Intl Whaling Comn votes for total ban on coml whaling (starting 1985)
1983 - Gimli Glider: Air Canada Flight 143 runs out of fuel and makes a deadstick landing at Gimli, Manitoba.
1984 - KC Royals Dan Quisenberry gets his 200th career save
1984 - Suzette Charles (NJ), 21, replaces Williams as 57th Miss America 1984
1984 - Miss America, Vanessa Williams, turned in her crown after it had been discovered that nude photos of her had appeared in "Penthouse" magazine. She was the first to resign the title.
1973 - Ozark AL plane knocked out of air by lightning, St Louis-36 die
1973 - Qaboos bin Said Al Said, becomes Sultan & Prime Minister of Oman
1973 - USSR performs nuclear Test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1973 - Pres Nixon refuses to release Watergate tapes of conversations in the White House relevant to the Watergate investigation
1974 - 45th All Star Baseball Game: NL wins 7-2 at 3 Rivers Stadium, Pitts
1974 - All star MVP: Steve Garvey (LA Dodgers)
1974 - Greek military dictatorship collapses
1975 - Alan Ayckbourn's "Absent Friends," premieres in London
1975 - LA Dodgers W Crawford & Lee Lacy are 5th to hit consecutive pinch HRs
1976 - 42nd NFL Chicago All Star Game: Pittsburgh 24, All Stars 0 (52,895)
1976 - Balt Oriole Reggie Jackson homers in 6th straight game
1976 - France performs nuclear Test at Muruora Island
1976 - USSR performs nuclear Test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1976 - Wings release "Let 'em In"
1977 - Washington jury convicts 12 Hanafi Moslems on hostage charges
1978 - 33rd US Women's Open Golf Championship won by Hollis Stacy
1978 - Israeli government rejects Sadat's call for return of 2 Sinai areas
1978 - Phillies Steve Carlton becomes 78th pitcher to win 200
1978 - Reggie Jackson returns & helps Yankees win their 5th straight
1979 - George Brett gets his 1,000th hit
1980 - Billy Carter admits to being paid by Libya
1980 - River of No Return Wilderness Area designated by Jimmy Carter
1980 - Soyuz 37 ferries 2 cosmonauts (1 Vietnamese) to Salyut 6
1982 - FCC approves AM stereo radio, KTSA San Antonio goes stereo
1982 - Intl Whaling Comn votes for total ban on coml whaling (starting 1985)
1983 - Gimli Glider: Air Canada Flight 143 runs out of fuel and makes a deadstick landing at Gimli, Manitoba.
1984 - KC Royals Dan Quisenberry gets his 200th career save
1984 - Suzette Charles (NJ), 21, replaces Williams as 57th Miss America 1984
1984 - Miss America, Vanessa Williams, turned in her crown after it had been discovered that nude photos of her had appeared in "Penthouse" magazine. She was the first to resign the title.
1986 - Britain's Prince Andrew married Sarah Ferguson at Westminster Abbey in London. They divorced in 1996.
1986 - King Hassan II meets with Israeli premier Simon Peres
1987 - Petra Felke (E Ger) throws javelin 78.89 m (women's record)
1987 - RNI (Bkln NY pirate radio station) begins broadcasting on 1620 AM
1987 - Red Sox waive Bill Buckner, the goat of last years World Series
1987 - Said Aouita of Morocco runs world record 5,000 m (12:58.39)
1988 - Saskatchewan's Dave Ridgway kicks record 8 field goals vs Edmonton
1989 - 118th British Golf Open: Mark Calcavecchia shoots a 275 at Royal Troon
1989 - Amy Alcott wins LPGA Boston Five Golf Classic
1989 - FOX-TV tops ABC, NBC & CBS for 1st time (America's Most Wanted)
1989 - Winds gust to 85 MPH at Fort Smith Arkansas
1990 - Rosie Jones, (St Louis), 26, crowned 22nd Miss Black America
1990 - South-Africa worker's union leader Billy Nair arrested
1991 - James Farentino of Dynasty arrested in Canada for cocaine possession
1991 - Rob Dibble back from 3-game suspension, is ejected for throwing at & hitting Cubs baserunner Doug Dascenzo Cubs win, 8-5
1992 - Bruce Springsteen begins a world tour
1992 - Emperor Haile Selassie, [Ras Tafari Makonnen] of Ethiopia's, funeral
1993 - Boon completes 17th Test Cricket century, 107 at Headingley
1993 - British Aerospace 147 crash at Yinchuan, 55 killed
1993 - Chinese B737 crash at Yinchuan, at least 66 killed
1993 - Chris Boardman bicycles world record 1 hour distance (52,270 km)
1993 - NY Yankee Mark Hutton is 1st Australian to be a starting pitcher, He beats Angels 5-2; Yanks, Red Sox, Blue Jays 3 way tie for 1st
1994 - All 40,000 ceiling tiles in Kingdome must be replaced
1994 - Amy Osmond, of Utah, 17, crowned America's Junior Miss
1994 - Dancer Gene Kelly suffers a mild stroke
1994 - Don Mattingly becomes 6th NY Yankee to get 2,000 hits
1994 - Goodwill Games open in St Petersburg
1994 - Longest baseball rain delay (3:39) as Giants beat Mets 4-2 in NYC
1994 - Space shuttle STS-65: Columbia 17, lands after record 14 days 55 mins
1995 - "Hamlet" closes at Belasco Theater NYC after 121 performances
1995 - 124th British Golf Open: John Daly shoots a 282 at St Andrews Scotland
1995 - Miguel Indurains wins his 5th Tour de France
1995 - Tracy Kerdyk wins LPGA JAL Big Apple Golf Classic
1995 - The Hale-Bopp comet was discovered by Alan Hale and Thomas Bopp, and became visible to the naked eye one year later.
1986 - King Hassan II meets with Israeli premier Simon Peres
1987 - Petra Felke (E Ger) throws javelin 78.89 m (women's record)
1987 - RNI (Bkln NY pirate radio station) begins broadcasting on 1620 AM
1987 - Red Sox waive Bill Buckner, the goat of last years World Series
1987 - Said Aouita of Morocco runs world record 5,000 m (12:58.39)
1988 - Saskatchewan's Dave Ridgway kicks record 8 field goals vs Edmonton
1989 - 118th British Golf Open: Mark Calcavecchia shoots a 275 at Royal Troon
1989 - Amy Alcott wins LPGA Boston Five Golf Classic
1989 - FOX-TV tops ABC, NBC & CBS for 1st time (America's Most Wanted)
1989 - Winds gust to 85 MPH at Fort Smith Arkansas
1990 - Rosie Jones, (St Louis), 26, crowned 22nd Miss Black America
1990 - South-Africa worker's union leader Billy Nair arrested
1991 - James Farentino of Dynasty arrested in Canada for cocaine possession
1991 - Rob Dibble back from 3-game suspension, is ejected for throwing at & hitting Cubs baserunner Doug Dascenzo Cubs win, 8-5
1992 - Bruce Springsteen begins a world tour
1992 - Emperor Haile Selassie, [Ras Tafari Makonnen] of Ethiopia's, funeral
1993 - Boon completes 17th Test Cricket century, 107 at Headingley
1993 - British Aerospace 147 crash at Yinchuan, 55 killed
1993 - Chinese B737 crash at Yinchuan, at least 66 killed
1993 - Chris Boardman bicycles world record 1 hour distance (52,270 km)
1993 - NY Yankee Mark Hutton is 1st Australian to be a starting pitcher, He beats Angels 5-2; Yanks, Red Sox, Blue Jays 3 way tie for 1st
1994 - All 40,000 ceiling tiles in Kingdome must be replaced
1994 - Amy Osmond, of Utah, 17, crowned America's Junior Miss
1994 - Dancer Gene Kelly suffers a mild stroke
1994 - Don Mattingly becomes 6th NY Yankee to get 2,000 hits
1994 - Goodwill Games open in St Petersburg
1994 - Longest baseball rain delay (3:39) as Giants beat Mets 4-2 in NYC
1994 - Space shuttle STS-65: Columbia 17, lands after record 14 days 55 mins
1995 - "Hamlet" closes at Belasco Theater NYC after 121 performances
1995 - 124th British Golf Open: John Daly shoots a 282 at St Andrews Scotland
1995 - Miguel Indurains wins his 5th Tour de France
1995 - Tracy Kerdyk wins LPGA JAL Big Apple Golf Classic
1995 - The Hale-Bopp comet was discovered by Alan Hale and Thomas Bopp, and became visible to the naked eye one year later.
1997 Serbian president Slobodan Milosevic was sworn in as president of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
1997 - Dallas TV Station KXAS settle with Dallas Cowboys Michael Irvin & Erik Williams for reporting false sex assault allegations against them
1998 - U.S. scientists at the University of Hawaii turned out more than 50 "carbon-copy" mice, with a cloning technique.
1999 - Crown Prince Mohammed Ben Al-Hassan is crowned King Mohammed VI of Morocco on the death of his father.
1999 - ANA Flight 61 is hijacked in Tokyo, Japan.
2000 - 129th British Golf Open: at Royal Lytham
2000 - 55th US Women's Open Golf Championship
2005 - Three bombs explode in the Naama Bay area of Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, killing 88 people.
2008 - Cape Verde joins the World Trade Organization, becoming its 153rd member.
2009 - Mark Buehrle of the Chicago White Sox becomes the 18th pitcher to throw a perfect game in Major League Baseball history, defeating the Tampa Bay Rays 5-0.
2012 - A series of attacks across Iraq kill 103 people
1999 - Crown Prince Mohammed Ben Al-Hassan is crowned King Mohammed VI of Morocco on the death of his father.
1999 - ANA Flight 61 is hijacked in Tokyo, Japan.
2000 - 129th British Golf Open: at Royal Lytham
2000 - 55th US Women's Open Golf Championship
2005 - Three bombs explode in the Naama Bay area of Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, killing 88 people.
2008 - Cape Verde joins the World Trade Organization, becoming its 153rd member.
2009 - Mark Buehrle of the Chicago White Sox becomes the 18th pitcher to throw a perfect game in Major League Baseball history, defeating the Tampa Bay Rays 5-0.
2012 - A series of attacks across Iraq kill 103 people
The following links are to web sites that were used to complete this blog entry:
http://www.historyorb.com/today/events.php
http://on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jul23.htm
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history
http://www.infoplease.com/dayinhistory
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