http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history
Jan 11, 1908: Roosevelt dedicates the Grand Canyon as a national monument
On this day in 1908, President Theodore Roosevelt places the Grand Canyon under public protection, declaring it a national monument. In a statement made during a visit to the Grand Canyon in 1903, Roosevelt indicated his intention to preserve one of America's most unique natural sites. He urged Americans to "let this great wonder of nature remain as it now is. Do nothing to mar its grandeur, sublimity and loveliness. You cannot improve on it. But what you can do is to keep it for your children, your children's children, and all who come after you, as the one great sight which every American should see."
Miners had discovered valuable mineral resources in the Grand Canyon in the 1800s, yet extraction was a dangerous and expensive task. At the beginning of the 20th century, mining claims waned while tourism increased. Photographers, writers and painters captured the Grand Canyon's dramatic beauty in their works and, with improvements in transportation, the Grand Canyon became a popular tourist destination. Roosevelt recognized industrial and commercial development as an imminent threat to the site and sought to prevent the construction of a railroad around the canyon's perimeter.
Born to privilege and educated at Harvard, Roosevelt possessed a deep respect for nature gained through his experience living and ranching in the Dakota Territories. Prior to his involvement in politics, Roosevelt had indulged his passion for preservation as president of the American Historical Association and led scientific expeditions to South America and Africa. As president, he initiated federal water-management and land-use policies with the 1902 Newlands Act and, in 1906, signed the Act for the Preservation of American Antiquities, giving the president the power to officially declare natural and historic sites situated on federal land as national monuments. During an age when the environment was beginning to show strain from industrial progress and settlement, Roosevelt assigned national-monument status to a record 18 natural sites. An ardent conservationist and avid hunter, Roosevelt issued a prophetic statement that "the conservation of our natural resources and their proper use constitute the fundamental problem which underlies almost every other problem of our national life." Congress upgraded the Grand Canyon to national-park status in 1919 and doubled the protected area in 1975.
Jan 11, 1928: Stalin banishes Trotsky
Leon Trotsky, a leader of the Bolshevik revolution and early architect of the Soviet state, is deported by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin to Alma-Ata in remote Soviet Central Asia. He lived there in internal exile for a year before being banished from the USSR forever by Stalin.
Born in the Ukraine of Russian-Jewish parents in 1879, Trotsky embraced Marxism as a teenager and later dropped out of the University of Odessa to help organize the underground South Russian Workers' Union. In 1898, he was arrested for his revolutionary activities and sent to prison. In 1900, he was exiled to Siberia.
In 1902, he escaped to England using a forged passport under the name of Leon Trotsky (his original name was Lev Davidovich Bronshtein). In London, he collaborated with Bolshevik revolutionary Vladimir Ilyich Lenin but later sided with the Menshevik factions that advocated a democratic approach to socialism. With the outbreak of the Russian Revolution of 1905, Trotsky returned to Russia and was again exiled to Siberia when the revolution collapsed. In 1907, he again escaped.
During the next decade, he was expelled from a series of countries because of his radicalism, living in Switzerland, Paris, Spain, and New York City before returning to Russia at the outbreak of the revolution in 1917. Trotsky played a leading role in the Bolsheviks' seizure of power, conquering most of Petrograd before Lenin's triumphant return in November.
Appointed Lenin's secretary of foreign affairs, he negotiated with the Germans for an end to Russian involvement in World War I. In 1918, he became war commissioner and set about building up the Red Army, which succeeded in defeating anti-Communist opposition in the Russian Civil War. In the early 1920s, Trotsky seemed the heir apparent of Lenin, but he lost out in the struggle of succession after Lenin fell ill in 1922.
In 1924, Lenin died, and Joseph Stalin emerged as leader of the USSR. Against Stalin's stated policies, Trotsky called for a continuing world revolution that would inevitably result in the dismantling of the Soviet state. He also criticized the new regime for suppressing democracy in the Communist Party and for failing to develop adequate economic planning. In response, Stalin and his supporters launched a propaganda counterattack against Trotsky. In 1925, he was removed from his post in the war commissariat. One year later, he was expelled from the Politburo and in 1927 from the Communist Party. In January 1928, Trotsky began his internal exile in Alma-Ata and the next January was expelled from the Soviet Union outright.
He was received by the government of Turkey and settled on the island of Prinkipo, where he worked on finishing his autobiography and history of the Russian Revolution. After four years in Turkey, Trotsky lived in France and then Norway and in 1936 was granted asylum in Mexico. Settling with his family in a suburb of Mexico City, he was found guilty of treason in absentia during Stalin's purges of his political foes. He survived a machine-gun attack on his home but on August 20, 1940, fell prey to a Spanish Communist, Ramon Mercader, who fatally wounded him with an ice-ax. He died from his wounds the next day.
Jan 11, 1992: Paul Simon returns to Johannesburg, South Africa, with the blessing of the U.N.
In 1985, singer-songwriter Paul Simon made a controversial nine-day visit to South Africa—a visit that some felt was in violation of a United Nations cultural boycott, but a visit that dramatically increased worldwide awareness of black South Africa's rich musical traditions. Seven years later, with the U.N. boycott lifted, Simon returned to South Africa to play a historic concert in Johannesburg on January 11, 1992.
The cultural boycott of South Africa was put in place during the late-60s and early-70s in response to the racist policies of South Africa under apartheid. With the vocal support of South Africa's banned opposition party, the African National Congress, the United Nations barred South Africa from participating in international sporting events and cultural affairs. Because black South Africans were already barred from such activities under apartheid, it was hoped that an international cultural boycott would selectively punish white South Africans, breeding resentment and undermining support for the ruling National Party. While U.N. restrictions on trade and military support were only selectively respected by some of the most powerful nations of the world, the cultural boycott against South Africa held firm.
Paul Simon entered this picture after being turned on to mbaqanga and mbube—the music of South Africa's black townships—and conceiving the Graceland album, which would go on to be his most successful and important work as a solo artist. In the face of public criticism of his plans, Simon traveled to Johannesburg in February 1985, for recording sessions with South African artists like Ladysmith Black Mambazo, a vocal group largely unknown both to the outside world and to white South Africans, who had little opportunity under apartheid to hear the music of their black countrymen. The result of these sessions was a landmark album that sold millions of copies, won multiple Grammys and earned a place in the United States National Recording Registry in 2006.
It was only appropriate, then, that Paul Simon should be the first major international star to perform in South Africa after the lifting of the U.N. boycott. With the full support of the ANC and its recently freed leader Nelson Mandela, Simon performed before 40,000 cheering fans in Johannesburg's Ellis Park Stadium on this day in 1992. It was a powerfully symbolic event that also underscored the limits of symbolism in addressing entrenched inequality; as the New York Times noted, "Most black South Africans could not afford to pay up to $30 for a ticket, or, lacking cars, to travel to Johannesburg from the outlying black townships." As a result, the audience for Simon's historic South African concert was overwhelmingly young and white.
Jan 11, 1775: Jewish Patriot joins Provincial Congress of South Carolina
Francis Salvador, the first Jew to hold an elected office in the Americas, takes his seat on the South Carolina Provincial Congress on this day in 1775.
Born in 1747, Salvador was descended from a line of prominent Sephardic Jews who made their home in London. His great grandfather, Joseph, was the East India Company's first Jewish director. His grandfather was influential in bravely moving a group of 42 Jewish colonists to Savannah, Georgia, in 1733 despite the colony's prohibition on Jewish settlers. The Salvadors then purchased land in South Carolina.
After the Lisbon earthquake of 1755 destroyed their Portuguese property and the East India Company collapsed, draining the family's resources, the American property was all the Salvadors had left. In 1773, Francis Salvador left his wife and children in London to establish himself in South Carolina with the hope of rebuilding his family's fortune. Within a year of his arrival, Salvador won a seat in the South Carolina General Assembly. In 1774, South Carolinians elected Salvador to the revolutionary Provincial Congress, which began to meet in January 1775, and in which Salvador spoke forcefully for the cause of independence.
On July 1, Salvador earned the nickname "Southern Paul Revere" when he rode 30 miles to warn of a Cherokee attack on backcountry settlements. Exactly one month later, while leading a militia group under the general command of Major General James Wilkinson, Salvador and his men were ambushed by a group of Cherokees and Loyalists near present-day Seneca, South Carolina. Salvador was shot and scalped by the Cherokees. Although he survived long enough to know that the militia had won the engagement, he never learned that the South Carolina delegation to the Continental Congress in Philadelphia had taken his advice and voted for independence from Britain.
Salvador was the first recorded Jewish soldier killed in the American War for Independence. He died at the age of 29, never having managed to bring his wife and children from London to the new country for which he fought so bravely.
Here's a more detailed look at events that transpired on this date throughout history:
532 - Nika-revolt against Justianus & Theodora in
Hippodrome Constantinople
1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire.
1158 - Vladislav II of Bohemia becomes king
1558 - Westmunster Church in Middelburg destroyed by heavy
storm
1569 - 1st recorded lottery in England is drawn in St Paul's
Cathedral
1571 - Emperor Maximilian II grants Austrian adel freedom of
religion
1599 - Jacob van Necks fleet leaves Bantam Java with pepper,
clove & muskaat
1693 - Mt Etna erupts, Sicily
1709 - Colley Cibber's "Rival Fools," premieres in
London
1753 - Ferdinand VI of Spain & Pope Benedictus XIV sign
concord
1758 - Russian troops occupy Königsberg, East-Prussia
[NS=Jan 22]
1759 - 1st American life insurance company incorporated,
Philadelphia
1765 - Frisia bans Voltaires "Traité sur la
tolérance"
1774 - Messier adds M51 (spiral galaxy in Canes Venatici) to
his catalog
1775 - Francis Salvador becomes 1st Jew elected to office in
America (SC)
1779 - Ching-Thang Khomba is crowned King of Manipur.
1785 - Continental Congress convenes in NYC
1787 - Titania & Oberon, moons of Uranus, discovered by
William Herschel
1790 - Statisten & Vonckisten unite as Belgium
French Enlightenment Philosopher VoltaireFrench
Enlightenment Philosopher Voltaire 1794 - Robert Forsythe, a U.S. Marshal is
killed in Augusta, Georgia when trying to serve court papers, the first US
marshal to die while carrying out his duties.
1803 - Monroe & Livingston sail for Paris to buy New
Orleans; they buy La
1805 - Michigan Territory organizes
1813 - 1st pineapples planted in Hawaii (or 1/21)
1839 - Earthquake at Martinique destroys half of Port Royal
- 700 die
1849 - Elizabeth Blackwell becomes 1st woman in US to earn
medical degree
1861 - Alabama becomes 4th state to secede from the Union
1861 - Mexico City captured by Juarez (Lib) in War of Reform
1863 - Naval engagement near Galveston between CSS Alabama
& USS Hatteras
1863 - Union forces capture Arkansas Post, or Ft Hindman,
Arkansas
1864 - Charing Cross Station opens in London
1865 - Battle of Beverly, WV
1866 - Steamship London sinks in storm off Land's End,
England and kills 220
1867 - Benito Juárez becomes the Mexican president again.
1873 - 1st livestock market newspaper published, Drover's
Journal, Chicago
Physician Elizabeth BlackwellPhysician Elizabeth Blackwell
1879 - Zulu war against British colonial rule in South Africa begins
1885 - Henrik Ibsen's "Vildauden," premieres in
Oslo
1892 - Hawaiian Historical Society founded
1892 - William D McCoy of Indiana appointed US minister to
Liberia
1893 - Jaap Eden skates world record 1500m (2:35)
1897 - M H Cannon becomes 1st woman state senator in US
(Utah)
1904 - Herero people of South West Africa, now Namibia,
begin uprising
1912 - Bread & Roses Strike begins in Lawrence,
Massachusetts
1913 - 1st sedan-type car (Hudson) goes on display at 13th
Auto Show (NYC)
1915 - Col Jacob Ruppert & Col Tillinghast Huston
purchase Yanks for $460,000
1916 - French troops capture/Serbian army flees to Corfu
1917 - Guy Bolton & PG Wodehouse's "Have a
Heart," premieres in NYC
1919 - 3 year old German communist party (Spartacus) crushed
1919 - Romania annexes Transylvania
1920 - French passenger ship Afrique sinks near La Rochelle;
553 die
1922 - Insulin 1st used to treat diabetes (Leonard Thompson,
14, of Canada)
1923 - 1st Dutch Dada-evening (Theo Van Doesburg & Kurt
Schwitters)
1923 - French & Belgian troops occupy Ruhr to collect
reparations
US Secretary of State Frank KelloggUS Secretary of State
Frank Kellogg 1925 - Frank Kellogg replaces Charles Hughes on as US Sect of
State
1927 - Royale Theater (Golden, CBS Radio Playhouse) opens at
242 W 45th NYC
1935 - Amelia Earhart flies from Honolulu to Oakland Ca
(non-stop, of course)
1936 - Charles Anderson enters Kentucky House of
Representatives
1938 - Bradman scores a second innings 113 v Qld after a ton
in the 1st
1938 - Frances Moulton elected 1st woman president of a US
national bank
1940 - Sergei Prokofiev's ballet Romeo & Juliet
premieres in Leningrad
1941 - Princess Irene Brigade established in Congleton
1942 - -23°F (-31°C), Kingston, Rhode Island (state record)
1942 - Japan conquers Kuala Lumpur, Malaya
1943 - US & Britain relinquish extraterritorial rights
in China
1944 - Crakow-Plaszow Concentration Camp established
1946 - Bert Bell becomes 2nd NFL commissioner, moves Chicago
HQ to Phila
1946 - Enver Hoxha declares People's Rep of Albania with
himself dictator
1949 - Snowfall 1st recorded in Los Angeles
1952 - Bollingen Prize for poetry awarded to Marianne Moore
First Director of the FBI J. Edgar HooverFirst Director of
the FBI J. Edgar Hoover 1953 - J. Edgar Hoover declines 6 figure offer to
become president of International Boxing Club
1954 - 2 ton locomotive swept into ravine by avalanche 10
die (Austria)
1957 - The African Convention is founded in Dakar.
1957 - Mass-murderer Jack Gilbert Graham is executed via the
Gas Chamber.
1959 - Bollingen Prize for poetry awarded to Theodore
Roethke
1959 - Hanif Mohammad completes 499 for Karachi, then 1st
class world record
1959 - Marlene Hagge wins LPGA Mayfair Golf Open
1959 - NFL Pro Bowl: East beats West 28-21
1960 - Chad declares independence from France
1960 - Lamar Clark sets pro boxing record of 44 consecutive
knockouts
1961 - Racial riot at University of Georgia
1962 - Volcano Huascaran in Peru, erupts; 4,000 die
1963 - 1st discotheque opens, Whiskey-a-go-go in LA
1963 - Beatles release "Please Please Me" &
"Ask Me Why"
1964 - "She Loves Me" closes at Eugene O'Neill
Theater NYC after 302 perfs
1964 - 1st government report warning smoking may be
hazardous to one's health
1964 - Beatles "I Want to Hold Your Hand" is #80
in US (Cashbox)
1964 - Panama ends diplomatic relations with US
1964 - US Surgeon General Luther Terry reports that smoking
may be hazardous
1966 - "Daktari" African adventure series
premieres on CBS TV
1966 - 550 die in landslides in mountains behind Rio de
Janeiro after rain
1967 - Romeinse Curie installs Council for Pontifical Study
commission
1968 - Explorer 36 (GEOS-B) launched into earth orbit (1080/1570
km)
1969 - "Hooked on a Feeling" by BJ Thomas peaks at
#5
1969 - Jethro Tull's This Was Jethro Tull album debuts
1970 - Superbowl IV: KC Chiefs beat Minnesota Vikings, 23-7
in New Orleans Superbowl MVP: Len Dawson, Kansas City, QB
1971 - 1st "Quickie" Divorce granted in UK
1971 - Tigers ace reliever John Hiller, 27, sufferes a heart
attack, but later makes a remarkable comeback to record 38 saves
1972 - East-Pakistan becomes independent state of Bangladesh
1972 - Abu Sayeed Chudhury becomes president & sheik
Mujib ur-Rahman premier
1973 - American League adopts designated hitter rule
1973 - Famous victory at the SCG Pakistan chasing 158 all
out 106
1973 - Trial of Watergate burglars begins in Wash DC
1974 - ABC airs final episode of "Love, American Style"
1975 - Soyuz 17 carries 2 cosmonauts to space station Salyut
4
1976 - "Pacific Overtures" opens at Winter Garden
Theater NYC for 193 perfs
1976 - Dorothy Hamill wins her 3rd consec natl figure
skating champions
1976 - Military coup in Ecuador, Pres Guillermo Lara leaves
1976 - Stephen Sondheim's musical "Pacific
Overtures," premieres in NYC
1976 - US female Figure Skating championship won by Dorothy
Hamill
1976 - US male Figure Skating championship won by Terry
Kubicka
1977 - Bollingen Prize awarded to David Ignatow
1977 - Cubs trade outfielder Rick Monday to Dodgers for Bill
Buckner
1977 - France releases Abu Daoud, a Palestinian suspected of
involvement in massacre of Israeli athletes at 1972 Munich Olympics
1978 - Gov Askew dedicates RCUC solar office building
1978 - Soyuz 27 links with Salyut 6 & Soyuz 26 (1st time
3 spacecraft link)
1979 - "Grand Tour" opens at Palace Theater NYC
for 61 performances
1980 - Debut of Pretenders
1981 - "Tintypes" closes at John Golden Theater
NYC after 93 performances
1981 - Palau adopts constitution
1981 - Brit team led by Ranulph Fiennes completes longest
& fastest crossing of Antarctica, reaching Scott base after 75 days (2,500
miles)
1982 - Atlanta Ga's temperature goes below zero F
1982 - Honduras adopts constitution
1983 - Billy Martin named NY Yankee manager for 3rd time
1984 - Denver Nuggets 163, San Antonio Spurs
155-highest-scoring NBA game
1984 - STS 41-B vehicle moves to launch pad
1984 - Supreme Court reinstated $10M award to Karen
Silkwood's family
1986 - 1st black lt gov since reconstruction sworn in
(Douglas Wilder of Va)
1987 - Largest crowd (76,633) at NFL NY Giant Stadium (beat
Wash 17-0)
1988 - Test debut of Phil Simmons, WI v India, Madras
1988 - USSR announces it will participate in Seoul Summer
Olympics
1989 - 140 nations agree to ban chemical weapons (poison
gas, etc)
1989 - Denver Nuggets' rookie Jerome Lane misses 7 free
throws in a game against Milwaukee, one missed by 2 feet
1989 - Kindergarten student caught with loaded handgun at
Bronx school
1990 - 200,000 demand return of Lithuania's independence
1990 - Actor Joseph Cotton undergoes vocal cancer operation
at 84
1990 - Bobby Knight becomes basketball's Big 10 winningest
coach (229)
1990 - Pat Lafontaine sets NY Islander record of scoring
goals in 11 straight
1991 - Congress empowers Bush to order attack on Iraq
1991 - Ric Flair wins NWA/WCW wrestling title
1991 - Soviets storm buildings in Vilnius to block Lithuania
independence
1991 - Ben Johnson 1st race after being stripped of his 1988
Olympic Gold medal for steroid use, he finished 2nd
1992 - Algeria's Pres Chadli announces his resignation
1992 - Paul Simon opens a tour in South Africa
1992 - US female Figure Skating championship won by Kristi
Yamaguchi
1993 - Howard Stern's radio show begins transmitting to
Buffalo NY (WKBW)
1993 - Independent pres candidate Ross Perot publicly
returns to politics
1994 - Hyderabad score 6 for 944 against Andhra Pradesh in
Ranji Trophy
1994 - Irish government announces end of a 20-year
broadcasting ban on IRA
1995 - 5th TV network (WB) Warner Brothers begins (WPIX-TV
in NYC)
1995 - Birmingham Barracudas granted CFL franchise
1995 - DC-9 crashes near Maria La Baya, Colombia: 51 die, 9
yr old girl lives
1995 - NHLPA & owners agree to end NHL strike
1996 - Space Shuttle STS 72 (Endeavour 10), launches into
space
1996 - Haiti becomes a member of the Berne Convention
copyright treaty.
Actor/Comedian Bill CosbyActor/Comedian Bill Cosby 1997 -
23rd People's Choice Awards: Bill Cosby wins
1997 - Martina Hingis beats Jennifer Capriati at Sydney
Tennis Intl
1997 - Telstar 401 Satellite Fails
1998 - "Proposals," closes at Broadhurst Theater
NYC after 76 performances
1998 - 24th Annual People's Choice Awards - Seinfeld, Tim
Allen win
1998 - AFC Championship: Denver Broncos beat Pitt Steelers
24-21
1998 - NFC Championship: Green Bay Packers beat SF 49'ers
23-10
1998 - US female Figure Skating championship won by Michelle
Kwan
1998 - US male Figure Skating championship won by Todd
Eldredge
1998 - Sidi-Hamed massacre takes place in Algeria, over 100
people are killed.
1999 - 26th American Music Award: Celine Dion & Eric
Clapton win
2013 - 46 people are killed and 12 are missing after a
landslide buries a village in the Yunnan province, China
2013 - 29 people are killed and 12 are injured after a bus
veers off a mountain road in Doti, Nepal
1569 - England's first state lottery was held. 1770 - The first shipment of rhubarb was sent to the United States from London. 1805 - The Michigan Territory was created. 1815 - U.S. General Andrew Jackson achieved victory at the Battle of New Orleans. The War of 1812 had officially ended on December 24, 1814, with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent. The news of the signing had not reached British troops in time to prevent their attack on New Orleans. 1861 - Alabama seceded from the United States. 1867 - Benito Juarez returned to the Mexican presidency, following the withdrawal of French troops and the execution of Emperor Maximilian. 1878 - In New York, milk was delivered in glass bottles for the first time by Alexander Campbell. 1902 - "Popular Mechanics" magazine was published for the first time. 1913 - The first sedan-type car was unveiled at the National Automobile Show in New York City. The car was manufactured by the Hudson Motor Company. 1922 - At Toronto General Hospital, Leonard Thompson became the first person to be successfully treated with insulin. 1935 - Amelia Earhart Putnam became the first woman to fly solo from Hawaii to California. 1938 - In Limerick, ME, Frances Moulton assumed her duties as the first woman bank president. 1942 - Japan declared war against the Netherlands. The same day, Japanese forces invaded the Dutch East Indies. 1943 - The United States and Britain signed treaties relinquishing extraterritorial rights in China. 1947 - "Murder and Mrs. Malone" debuted on ABC radio. 1958 - "Seahunt" debuted on CBS-TV. The show was aired on the network for four years. 1964 - U.S. Surgeon General Luther Terry released a report that said that smoking cigarettes was a definite health hazard. 1973 - The Open University awarded its first degrees. 1973 - Owners of American League baseball teams voted to adopt the designated-hitter rule on a trial basis. 1977 - France released Abu Daoud, a Palestinian suspected of involvement in the massacre of Israeli athletes at the 1972 Munich Olympics. 1978 - Two Soviet cosmonauts aboard the Soyuz 27 capsule linked up with the Salyut 6 orbiting space station, where the Soyuz 26 capsule was already docked. 1980 - Nigel Short, age 14, from Bolton in Britain, became the youngest International Master in the history of chess. 1986 - Author James Clavell signed a 5$ million deal with Morrow/Avon Publishing for the book "Whirlwind". The book is a 2,000 page novel. 1988 - U.S. Vice President George Bush met with representatives of independent counsel Lawrence E. Walsh to answer questions about the Iran-Contra affair. 1991 - An auction of silver and paintings that had been acquired by the late Ferdinand Marcos and his wife, Imelda, brought in a total of $20.29 million at Christie's in New York. 1996 - Ryutaro Hashimoto become Japan's prime minister. He replaced Tomiichi Murayama who had resigned on January 5, 1996. 2000 - The merger between AOL and Time Warner was approved by the U.S. government with restrictions. 2000 - The U.S. Postal Service unveiled the second Vietnam Veterans Memorial commemorative stamp in a ceremony at The Wall. 2001 - The Texas Board of Criminal Justice released a review of the escape of the "Texas 7." It stated that prison staff missed critical opportunities to prevent the escape by ignoring a fire alarm, not reporting unsupervised inmates and not demanding proper identification from inmates. 2002 - Thomas Junta, 44, was convicted of involuntary manslaughter for beating another man to death at their son's hockey practice. The incident occurred on July 5, 2000.
1935 Amelia Earhart became the first person to fly solo from Hawaii to California. 1964 The first government report regarding the dangers of cigarette smoking was issued by the U.S. Surgeon General, Luther Terry. 1973 Baseball's American League adopted the "designated hitter" rule which allowed another player to bat for the pitcher. 2002 The first al-Qaeda prisoners arrive at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. 2003 Outgoing Illinois governor George Ryan cleared the state's death row by commuting the sentences of 167 inmates. 2011 The Arab Spring movement begins in Tunisia when demonstrators take to the streets to protest chronic unemployment and police brutality.
The following links are to web sites that were used to complete this blog entry:
http://www.historyorb.com/today/events.php
http://on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan11.htm
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history
http://www.infoplease.com/dayinhistory
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