http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history
Jan 8, 1877: Crazy Horse fights last battle
On this day in 1877, Crazy Horse and his warriors--outnumbered, low on ammunition and forced to use outdated weapons to defend themselves--fight their final losing battle against the U.S. Cavalry in Montana.
Six months earlier, in the Battle of Little Bighorn, Crazy Horse and his ally, Chief Sitting Bull, led their combined forces of Sioux and Cheyenne to a stunning victory over Lieutenant Colonel George Custer (1839-76) and his men. The Indians were resisting the U.S. government's efforts to force them back to their reservations. After Custer and over 200 of his soldiers were killed in the conflict, later dubbed "Custer's Last Stand," the American public wanted revenge. As a result, the U.S. Army launched a winter campaign in 1876-77, led by General Nelson Miles (1839-1925), against the remaining hostile Indians on the Northern Plains.
Combining military force with diplomatic overtures, Nelson convinced many Indians to surrender and return to their reservations. Much to Nelson's frustration, though, Sitting Bull refused to give in and fled across the border to Canada, where he and his people remained for four years before finally returning to the U.S. to surrender in 1881. Sitting Bull died in 1890. Meanwhile, Crazy Horse and his band also refused to surrender, even though they were suffering from illness and starvation. On January 8, 1877, General Miles found Crazy Horse's camp along Montana's Tongue River. U.S. soldiers opened fire with their big wagon-mounted guns, driving the Indians from their warm tents out into a raging blizzard. Crazy Horse and his warriors managed to regroup on a ridge and return fire, but most of their ammunition was gone, and they were reduced to fighting with bows and arrows. They managed to hold off the soldiers long enough for the women and children to escape under cover of the blinding blizzard before they turned to follow them. Though he had escaped decisive defeat, Crazy Horse realized that Miles and his well-equipped cavalry troops would eventually hunt down and destroy his cold, hungry followers. On May 6, 1877, Crazy Horse led approximately 1,100 Indians to the Red Cloud reservation near Nebraska's Fort Robinson and surrendered. Five months later, a guard fatally stabbed him after he allegedly resisted imprisonment by Indian policemen. In 1948, American sculptor Korczak Ziolkowski began work on the Crazy Horse Memorial, a massive monument carved into a mountain in South Dakota. Still a work in progress, the monument will stand 641 feet high and 563 feet long when completed.
Jan 8, 1976: Chinese leader Zhou Enlai dies
Zhou Enlai, premier of the People's Republic of China (PRC) since 1949, dies of cancer at age 77. Zhou was second to Mao Zedong, the leader of the revolution that brought a communist regime to China, in terms of importance in the PRC. Beyond his significance as a leader of communist China, Zhou was instrumental in the negotiations that resulted in the U.S. recognition of the PRC in 1979.
Zhou was born in 1898, and he was heavily involved in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) by the 1920s. He rose quickly through the party ranks and became one of Mao Zedong's most trusted advisors, particularly valued for his skill at negotiations and diplomacy. These skills were crucial during the 1930s, when the CCP found it necessary to collaborate with its enemy, the Chinese Nationalists, to oppose Japanese aggression. In 1949, the CCP was victorious in its civil war against the Nationalists and Zhou was appointed premier and foreign minister of the new government.
During the 1950s, he represented China at various diplomatic gatherings, including the 1954 Geneva Conference and the 1955 Asian-African Conference in Bandung. He was also a stabilizing force inside China during the tumultuous years of the Cultural Revolution and its resultant political tensions.
In the early 1970s, Zhou embarked on a program to rebuild relations with the United States, which had refused to recognize the Chinese communist government. In 1972, he and President Richard Nixon shocked the world by meeting and agreeing to work for closer political and economic relations between the two nations. These talks eventually did bear fruit in 1979, when the United States formally recognized the PRC.
Here's a more detailed look at events that transpired on this date throughout history:
624 - Battle of Badr, Muslim forces defeats Meccan Caravan
794 - Vikings attacked Lindisfarne Island
871 - Battle at Ashdown: Ethelred of Wessex beats Danish
invasion army
1198 - Lotario di Segni elected Pope Innocentius III
1214 - Earl Ferrand of Flanders drops ties with France
1297 - Monaco gains its independence.
1558 - French troops under duke de Guise occupy Calais
1598 - Jews are expelled from Genoa, Italy
1656 - Oldest surviving commercial newspaper begins
(Haarlem, Netherlands)
1675 - 1st American commercial corporation chartered (NY
Fishing Co)
1705 - George F Handel's 1st opera "Almira,"
premieres in Hamburg
1716 - Dutch gang leader "Sjako" arrested
1734 - Premiere of George Frideric Handel's Ariodante at the
Royal Opera House, Covent Garden.
1745 - England, Austria, Neth & Saxon sign anti-Prussian
Quadruple Alliance
1746 - Bonnie Prince Charlie's troops occupy Stirling
[NS=Jan 19]
1760 - Comet C/1760 A1 (Great comet) approaches within
0.0682 AUs of Earth
1790 - 1st US President George Washington delivers 1st state
of the union address
1798 - 11th Amendment ratified, judicial powers construed
1800 - Austrians defeat French in 2nd battle of Novi
1800 - Wild Boy of Aveyron discovered in southern France
1806 - Cape colony becomes English colony
1806 - Lewis & Clark find skeleton of 105' blue whale in
Oregon
1811 - Louisiana slave revolt by Charles Deslondes at German
Coast
1815 - Battle of New Orleans-War of 1812 ended 12/24/1814
but nobody knew
1833 - Boston Academy of Music, 1st US music school, established
1835 - The United States national debt is 0 for the first
and only time.
1838 - 1st telegraph message sent using dots & dashes
(NJ)
1838 - Rebellion at Amherstburg, Ontario breaks out
1842 - Dutch King Willem II charters Technical College Delft
1848 - Austrian soldiers kill 10 students, Pavia
1853 - 1st US bronze equestrian statue (of Andrew Jackson)
unveiled, Washington
1856 - Dr John A Veatch discovers borax, Tuscan Springs,
Calif
1857 - Dion Boucicauly's "Poor of NY," premieres
in NYC
1863 - American Civil War: Second Battle of Springfield
1867 - Legislation gives suffrage to DC blacks, despite
President Johnson's veto
1867 - African American men granted the right to vote in
Washington, D.C.
1870 - US mint at Carson City, Nevada begins issuing coins
1877 - Crazy Horse and his warriors fight their last battle
with the United States Cavalry at Wolf Mountain (Montana Territory).
1878 - Secret meeting of King Leopold II's agent & Henry
Morton Stanley
1884 - Chrome tanning process for leather patented by
Augustus Schultz
1889 - Dr Herman Hollerith receives 1st US patent for a
mechanical tabulating machine
1894 - Columbus World's fair in Chicago destroyed by fire
1897 - Michael Eagan wins 1st US national amateur handball
championship
1901 - NSW score 918 all out vs South Australia in 560
minutes
1902 - 1st National Bowling Championship held (Chicago, Ill)
1904 - Pope Pius X banned low cut dresses in the presence of
churchmen
1906 - A landslide in Haverstraw, New York, caused by the
excavation of clay along the Hudson River, kills 20 people.
1912 - The African National Congress is founded.
1913 - Frank Chance becomes Yankee manager
1916 - World War I: Allied forces withdraw from Gallipoli.
1917 - Austria-Hungarian troops conquer Forlani Italy
1918 - Mississippi becomes 1st state to ratify 18th
amendment (prohibition)
1918 - Pres Wilson outlines his 14 points for peace after WW
I
1923 - Typography strike in Amsterdam
1925 - 1st all-female US state supreme court appointed,
Texas
1926 - Abdul-Aziz ibn Sa'ud becomes king of Hejaz; renames
it Saudi Arabia
1929 - 1st telephone connection between Netherlands &
West-Indies
1929 - CBS radio network buys WABC in NYC
1931 - Phila Quakers set then NHL record of 15 straight
loses
1932 - Ratification of present SF City Charter
1934 - Jaap Speyers "Bluejackets" premieres in
Amsterdam
1935 - Spectrophotometer patented, AC Hardy
1937 - -50°F (-45.6°C), San Jacinto, Nevada (state record)
1938 - Bradman scores 107 for South Australia v Qld (1st
innings)
1940 - Britain's 1st WW II rationing (bacon, butter &
sugar)
1940 - World War II: Britain introduces food rationing.
1941 - British Air Marshal Richard Peirse resigns
1945 - "Youth for Christ" organizes
1947 - Gen George Marshall becomes Sect of State
1947 - Toronto Maple Leaf rookie Howie Meeker scores 5 goals
in a game
1948 - Queen Wilhelmina signs death sentence against Ans van
Dijk for treason
1949 - "Make Mine Manhattan" closes at Broadhurst
Theater NYC after 429 perfs
1949 - "My Romance" closes at Shubert Theater NYC
after 95 performances
1949 - "Small Wonder" closes at Coronet Theater
NYC after 134 performances
1951 - Thought extinct since 1615, a Cahow is rediscovered
in Bermuda
1952 - Jordan adopts constitution
1953 - Indians bar night games with Browns (who refuse to
share TV receipts)
1953 - René Mayer forms French government
1954 - Elvis Presley pays $4 to a Memphis studio &
records his 1st two songs, "Casual Love" & "I'll Never Stand
in Your Way"
1955 - Furman sets NCAA basketball single-game scoring
record with 154 pt
1955 - Georgia Tech ends Kentucky's 130-game home basketball
win streak
1955 - Louise Sugg wins LPGA LA Golf Open
1955 - WUNC TV channel 4 in Chapel Hill, NC (PBS) begins
broadcasting
1956 - Bollingen Prize for poetry awarded to Conrad
Aiken
1956 - Elvis Presley's "Don't Be Cruel/Hound Dog,"
single goes to #1 & stays #1 for a record 11 weeks (for a single)
1956 - Operation Auca: Five U.S. missionaries are killed by
the Huaorani of Ecuador shortly after making contact with them.
1958 - Cuban revolutionary forces capture Havana
1959 - Charles de Gaulle inaugurated as pres of France's 5th
Republic
1961 - Bollingen Prize for poetry awarded to Yvor Winters
1962 - Dutch express train crashes into slow commuter train,
93 die (Neth)
1962 - Golfer Jack Nicklaus, 21, 1st pro appearance, he came
in 50th
1963 - "Mona Lisa," on loan, unveiled in America's
National Gallery of Art
1963 - Dmitri Shostakovitch' Katharina Ismailova, premieres
in Riga
1964 - European Parliament accept Mansholt Plan
1964 - President Lyndon B Johnson declares "War on
Poverty"
1965 - Senator Everett Dirksen introduces a bill to make
marigold the American natonal flower (doesn't pass)
1965 - Star of India returned to American Museum of Natural
History
1966 - Beatles' "Rubber Soul," album goes #1 &
stays #1 for 6 weeks
1966 - Beatles' "We Can Work It Out," single goes #1 &
stays #1 for 3 weeks
1966 - Georges Pompidou appointed French premier
1966 - Who & the Kinks perform on the last
"Shindig" TV show on ABC
1968 - Jacques Cousteau's 1st undersea special on US network
TV
1971 - 29 pilot whales beach themselves & die at San
Clemente Island, Calif
1971 - Voyageurs National Park, Minn established
1972 - Dmitri Shostakovitch' 15th Symphony, premieres in
Moscow
1972 - NCAA announces freshman can play on teams starting in
fall
1973 - "Tricks" opens at Alvin Theater NYC for 8
performances
1973 - Greg Chappell's best Test bowling, 5-61 v Pakistan at
SCG
1973 - Secret peace talks between US & North Vietnam
resumed near Paris
1973 - USSR launches Luna 21 for Moon landing
1974 - E Wilson Jr's musical "Let My People Come,"
premieres in NYC
1974 - Gold hits record $126.50 an ounce in London
1974 - Loch Ness Monster photographed
1974 - Silver hits record $3.40 an
ounce in New York
1975 - Judge Sirica orders release of Watergate's John W
Dean III, Herbert W Kalmbach & Jeb Stuart Magruder from prison
1976 - Franklin Mint strikes 1st gold coins for Netherlands
Antilles
1978 - Israeli government votes to `strengthen' settlements
in occupied Sinai
1979 - 512 die as oil tanker Bantry Bay blows up
1979 - Argentina & Chile sign Beagle Canal accord
1979 - Today Show gets a new theme song
1979 - Vietnamese troops overtook Khmer Rouge & occupy
Phnom Penh
1980 - Islander Glenn Resch's 20th shut-out opponent-Canucks
3-0
1980 - NCAA decides to sponsor women's championships in 5
sports
1981 - "Pirates of Penzance" opens at Uris Theater
NYC for 772 performances
1981 - India all out 63 in one-day international v Australia
1981 - Reds become last team to sign a free agent (Larry
Biitner)
1982 - AT&T agrees to divest itself of 22 Bell System
companies
1982 - Johnny Cash Parkway opens in Hendersonville Tennessee
1982 - Justice Dept withdraws antitrust suit against IBM,
pending since
1984 - NCAA announces that basketball tournament will have
64 teams
1984 - Wash Caps Bengt Gustafsson scores 5 goals to beat
Phila 7-1
1985 - Japan launches Sakigake space probe to Halley's Comet
1986 - Willie McCovey is 16th elected to Hall of Fame in his
1st year
1987 - Dow Jones closes above 2,000 for 1st time (2,002.25)
1987 - Jack Sikma (Milwaukee) begins NBA free throw streak
of 51 games
1988 - 9th largest NBA crowd 38,873-Chicago at Detroit
1988 - Dow Jones down 140.58 points
1988 - Hewlett-Packard introduces HP-28S Advanced Scientific
Calculator
1988 - US female Figure Skating championship won by Debi
Thomas
1989 - "42nd Street" closes at Winter Garden
Theater NYC after 3,486 perfs
1989 - "Starlight Express" closes at Gershwin
Theater NYC after 761 perfs
1989 - Boeing 737-400 crashes in England, 46 die
1989 - Soviet Union promises to eliminate stockpiles of
chemical weapons
1989 - Beginning of Japanese Heisei era.
1991 - "Davis Rules," with Jonathan Winters &
Randy Quaid premieres on ABC-TV
1991 - Gaylord Perry, Ferguson Jenkins & Rod Carew
elected to Hall of Fame
1991 - Rod Carew is 22nd player elected to Hall of Fame on
1st try
1991 - Tamas Darnyi swims world record 400m medley (4:12.36)
1992 - George Bush gets ill & vomits on Japanese prime minister's lap
1993 - Chicago Bull Michael Jordan scores his 20,000th
career point
1993 - Elvis Presley Commemorative Postage Stamp goes on
sale
1993 - NBC offers "Tonight Show" to David
Letterman
1994 - Rintje Ritsma skates world record 1500m (1:51.60)
1994 - Russian manned space craft TM-18, launches into orbit
1994 - US male Figure Skating championship won by Scott
Davis
1995 - "Guys & Dolls" closes at Martin Beck
Theater NYC after 1143 perfs
1995 - 15th United Negro College Fund raises $12,200,000
1995 - Mike Schmidt is elected to Baseball's Hall of Fame
1996 - Blizzard buries eastern US causing at least 50 deaths
1996 - For 1st time in 25 years no one is elected to
Baseball Hall of Fame
1998 - NY Giant GM George Young resigns to accept NFL
position
1998 - Unabomber suspect Theodore Kaczynski asks to act as
his own lawyer
1998 - World Trade Center bomber Ramzi Ahmed Yousef
sentenced to life
2001 - 28th
American Music Award: Faith Hill & Kid Rock win
2002 - President George W. Bush signs into law the No Child Left
Behind Act.
2004 - The RMS Queen Mary 2, the largest passenger ship ever
built, is christened by her namesake's granddaughter, Queen Elizabeth II.
2006 - A magnitude 6.9 earthquake with its epicenter just
off the Greek island of Kythira hits much of the country and is felt throughout
the entire eastern Mediterranean Sea.
2008 - New Jersey officially apologizes for slavery,
becoming the first Northern state to do so.
2009 - A 6.2 magnitude earthquake hit Costa Rica´s region of
Volcan Poás, with an epicenter near Cinchona. It was caused by Varablanca-Angel
fault.
2011 - Attempted assassination of Arizona congresswoman
Gabrielle Giffords and subsequent shooting in Casas Adobes, Arizona at a
Safeway grocery store kills 6 and wounds 13, including Giffords
2013 - 130 wildfires across Australia’s east coast force
thousands to evacuate their homes
2013 - 2,130 prisoners held by the Syrian government are
exchanged for 48 Iranians kidnapped by Syrian rebels
1642 - Astronomer Galileo Galilei died in Arcetri, Italy. 1675 - The first corporation was charted in the United States. The company was the New York Fishing Company. 1790 - In the United States, George Washington delivered the first State of the Union address. 1815 - The Battle of New Orleans began. The War of 1812 had officially ended on December 24, 1814, with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent. The news of the signing had not reached British troops in time to prevent their attack on New Orleans. 1838 - Alfred Vail demonstrated a telegraph code he had devised using dots and dashes as letters. The code was the predecessor to Samuel Morse's code. 1853 - A bronze statue of Andrew Jackson on a horse was unveiled in Lafayette Park in Washington, DC. The statue was the work of Clark Mills. 1856 - Borax (hydrated sodium borate) was discovered by Dr. John Veatch. 1877 - Crazy Horse (Tashunca-uitco) and his warriors fought their final battle against the U.S. Cavalry in Montana. 1886 - The Severn Railway Tunnel, Britain's longest, was opened. 1889 - The tabulating machine was patented by Dr. Herman Hollerith. His firm, Tabulating Machine Company, later became International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). 1894 - Fire caused serious damage at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, IL. 1900 - U.S. President McKinley placed Alaska under military rule. 1900 - In South Africa, General White turned back the Boers attack of Ladysmith. 1901 - The first tournament sanctioned by the American Bowling Congress was held in Chicago, IL. 1908 - A catastrophic train collision occurred in the smoke-filled Park Avenue Tunnel in New York City. Seventeen were killed and thirty-eight were injured. The accident caused a public outcry and increased demand for electric trains. 1916 - During World War I, the final withdrawal of Allied troops from Gallipoli took place. 1918 - U.S. President Woodrow Wilson announced his Fourteen Points as the basis for peace upon the end of World War I. 1921 - David Lloyd George became the first prime minister tenant at Chequers Court, Buckinghamshire. 1929 - William S. Paley appeared on CBS Radio for the first time to announce that CBS had become the largest regular chain of broadcasting chains in radio history. 1935 - The spectrophotometer was patented by A.C. Hardy. 1952 - Marie Wilson came to TV as "My Friend Irma". 1955 - After 130 home basketball wins, Georgia Tech defeated Kentucky 59-58. It was the first Kentucky loss at home since January 2, 1943. 1957 - Jackie Robinson announced his retirement from major league baseball in an article that appeared in "LOOK" magazine. 1958 - Bobby Fisher, at the age of 14, won the United States Chess Championship for the first time. 1959 - Charles De Gaulle was inaugurated as president of France's Fifth Republic. 1960 - The NCAA met in New York and voted against reviving the unlimited substitution rule for college football. 1964 - U.S. President Lyndon Johnson declared a "War on Poverty." 1961 - Robert Goulet made his national TV debut this night on "The Ed Sullivan Show" on CBS. 1962 - Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa was exhibited in America for the first time at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC. The next day the exhibit opened to the public. 1973 - Secret peace talks between the United States and North Vietnam resumed near Paris, France. 1973 - The trial opened in Washington, of seven men accused of bugging Democratic Party headquarters in the Watergate apartment complex in Washington, DC. 1975 - Ella Grasso became the governor of Connecticut. She was the first woman to become a governor of a state without a husband preceding her in the governor’s chair. 1982 - American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T) settled the Justice Department's antitrust lawsuit against it by agreeing to divest itself of the 22 Bell System companies. 1982 - The U.S. Justice Department withdrew an antitrust suit against IBM. 1987 - The Dow Jones industrial average closed over the 2000 mark for the first time at 2,002.25. 1992 - U.S. President George H.W. Bush collapsed during a state dinner in Tokyo. White House officials said Bush was suffering from stomach flu. 1993 - Bosnian President Izetbegovic visited the U.S. to plead his government's case for Western military aid and intervention to halt Serbian aggression. 1994 - Tonya Harding won the ladies' U.S. Figure Skating Championship in Detroit, MI, a day after Nancy Kerrigan dropped out because of a clubbing attack that injured her right knee. The U.S. Figure Skating Association later took the title from Harding because of her involvement in the attack. 1997 - Mister Rogers received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. 1998 - Ramzi Yousef was sentenced to life in prison for his role of mastermind behind the World Trade Center bombing in New York. 1998 - Scientists announced that they had discovered that galaxies were accelerating and moving apart and at faster speeds. 1999 - The top two executives of Salt Lake City's Olympic Organizing Committee resigned amid disclosures that civic boosters had given cash to members of the International Olympic Committee. 1999 - British Prime Minister Tony Blair concluded a three-day visit to South Africa. 2005 - The rate for U.S. First Class mail was raised to 39¢. 2009 - In Egypt, archeologists entered a 4,300 year old pyramid and discovered the mummy of Queen Sesheshet.
1815 The Battle of New Orleans, the last battle in the War of 1812, was fought. 1918 Woodrow Wilson outlined his Fourteen Points peace program. 1958 Bobby Fischer won the United States Chess Championship for the first time at age 14. 1959 Charles de Gaulle became the first president of France's Fifth Republic. 1964 President Lyndon Johnson announced his War on Poverty. 1982 The AT&T Bell System telephone monopoly agreed to divest itself of 22 Bell System companies and split itself into seven "Baby Bells." 1998 The mastermind of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, Ramzi Yousef, was sentenced to life in prison. 2011 Arizona Representative Gabrielle Giffords is among 17 shot by a gunman at a meeting outside a grocery store. Six people are fatally wounded, including United States District Court Judge John Roll, and a young girl. Police identify the gunman as Jared Lee Loughner.
The following links are to web sites that were used to complete this blog entry:
http://www.historyorb.com/today/events.php
http://on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan08.htm
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history
http://www.infoplease.com/dayinhistory
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