http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history
Jan 3, 1521: Martin Luther excommunicated
On January 3, 1521, Pope Leo X issues the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem, which excommunicates Martin Luther from the Catholic Church.
Martin Luther, the chief catalyst of Protestantism, was a professor of biblical interpretation at the University of Wittenberg in Germany when he drew up his 95 theses condemning the Catholic Church for its corrupt practice of selling indulgences, or the forgiveness of sins. He followed up the revolutionary work with equally controversial and groundbreaking theological works, and his fiery words set off religious reformers all across Europe.
In January 1521, Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther. Three months later, Luther was called to defend his beliefs before Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms, where he was famously defiant. For his refusal to recant his writings, the emperor declared him an outlaw and a heretic. Luther was protected by powerful German princes, however, and by his death in 1546, the course of Western civilization had been significantly altered.
Jan 3, 1961: United States severs diplomatic relations with Cuba
In the climax of deteriorating relations between the United States and Fidel Castro's government in Cuba, President Dwight D. Eisenhower closes the American embassy in Havana and severs diplomatic relations.
The action signaled that the United States was prepared to take extreme measures to oppose Castro's regime, which U.S. officials worried was a beachhead of communism in the western hemisphere. The immediate reason cited for the break was Castro's demand that the U.S. embassy staff be reduced, which followed heated accusations from the Cuban government that America was using the embassy as a base for spies.
Relations between the United States and Cuba had been steadily declining since Castro seized power in early 1959. U.S. officials were soon convinced that Castro's government was too anti-American to be trusted, and they feared that he might lead Cuba into the communist bloc. Early in 1960, following Castro's decision to sign a trade treaty with the Soviet Union, the Eisenhower administration began financing and training a group of Cuban exiles to overthrow the Cuban leader. Castro responded by increasing his program of nationalizing foreign property and companies. In return, the United States began to implement cutbacks in trade with Cuba. The diplomatic break on January 3, 1961 was the culmination of an increasingly acrimonious situation.
Severing relations marked the end of America's policy of trying to resolve its differences with Castro's government through diplomacy. Just over two months later, President John F. Kennedy unleashed the Cuban exile force established during the Eisenhower years. This led to the Bay of Pigs debacle, in which Castro's military killed or captured the exile troops. After the Bay of Pigs, the relationship between the United States and Cuba was one of the chilliest of the Cold War.
Jan 3, 1924: King Tut's sarcophagus uncovered
Two years after British archaeologist Howard Carter and his workmen discovered the tomb of the Pharaoh Tutankhamen near Luxor, Egypt, they uncover the greatest treasure of the tomb--a stone sarcophagus containing a solid gold coffin that holds the mummy of Tutankhamen.
When Carter first arrived in Egypt in 1891, most of the ancient Egyptian tombs had been discovered, although the little-known Pharaoh Tutankhamen, who had died when he was a teen, was still unaccounted for. After World War I, Carter began an intensive search for "King Tut's Tomb," finally finding steps to the burial room hidden in the debris near the entrance of the nearby tomb of King Ramses VI in the Valley of the Kings. On November 26, 1922, Carter and fellow archaeologist Lord Carnarvon entered the tomb, finding it miraculously intact.
Thus began a monumental excavation process in which Carter carefully explored the four-room tomb over four years, uncovering an incredible collection of several thousand objects. The most splendid architectural find was a stone sarcophagus containing three coffins nested within each other. Inside the final coffin, made out of solid gold, was the mummy of the boy-king Tutankhamen, preserved for more than 3,000 years.
Jan 3, 1868: Meiji Restoration in Japan
In an event that heralds the birth of modern Japan, patriotic samurai from Japan's outlying domains join with anti-shogunate nobles in restoring the emperor to power after 700 years. The impetus for the coup was a fear by many Japanese that the nation's feudal leaders were ill equipped to resist the threat of foreign domination. Soon after seizing power, the young Emperor Meiji and his ministers moved the royal court from Kyoto to Tokyo, dismantled feudalism, and enacted widespread reforms along Western models. The newly unified Japanese government also set off on a path of rapid industrialization and militarization, building Japan into a major world power by the early 20th century.
Jan 3, 1861: Delaware rejects secession
On this day in 1861, just two weeks after South Carolina became the first state to secede from the Union, the state of Delaware rejects a similar proposal.
There had been little doubt that Delaware would remain with the North. Delaware was technically a slave state, but the institution was not widespread by 1861. There were some 20,000 blacks living in the state, but only about 1,800 of them were slaves. Most of the slaves were concentrated in Sussex, the southernmost of the state's three counties.
After South Carolina ratified the ordinance of secession on December 20, 1860, other states considered similar proposals. Although there were some Southern sympathizers, Delaware had a Unionist governor and the legislature was dominated by Unionists. On January 3, the legislature voted overwhelmingly to remain with the United States. For the Union, Delaware's decision was only a temporary respite from the parade of seceding states. Over the next several weeks, six states joined South Carolina in seceding; four more left after the South captured South Carolina's Fort Sumter in April 1861.
Here's a more detailed look at events that transpired on this date throughout history:
236 - St Anterus ends his reign as Catholic Pope
269 - St Felix I begins his reign as Catholic Pope
936 - Duke Alberik II of Spoleto appoints his son Pope Leo
VII
1338 - Jacob of Arteveld elected mayor of Ghent
1407 - Bloody battles between Hoeksen & Kabeljauwen in
Dordrecht
1431 - Joan of Arc handed over to the bishop
1496 - Leonardo da Vinci unsuccessfully tests a flying
machine.
1521 - Martin Luther excommunicated by Pope Leo X from the
Roman Catholic Church
1638 - Dutch Premier Van Joost speaks of "Hostage
rights of Aemstel"
1638 - Schouwburg Theater, the 1st in Amsterdam, opens
1667 - Resistance of Androsovo in Russia-Poland
1746 - Bonnie Prince Charlies army leaves Glasgow, [NS=1/14]
1749 - Benning Wentworth issues the first of the New
Hampshire Grants, leading to the establishment of Vermont.
1750 - Tax revolt in Haarlem Neth
1752 - East Indies invasion "Geldermalsen" leaves
at Malakka: 92 killed
1777 - Washington defeats British at Battle of Princeton, NJ
1780 - Danish national anthem "Kong Kristian...,"
1st sung
1823 - Stephen F. Austin receives a grant of land in Texas
from the government of Mexico.
1825 - Scottish factory owner Robert Owen buys 30,000 acres
in Indiana as site for New Harmony utopian community
Founder of Texas Stephen F. AustinFounder of Texas Stephen
F. Austin 1831 - 1st US building & loan association organized, Frankford,
Penn
1833 - Britain seizes control of Falkland Islands in South
Atlantic
1834 - The government of Mexico imprisons Stephen F. Austin
in Mexico City.
1840 - 1st deep sea sounding
1848 - Joseph Jenkins Roberts is sworn in as the first
president of the independent African Republic of Liberia.
1852 - 1st Chinese arrive in Hawaii
1861 - Delaware legislature rejects proposal to join
Confederacy
1861 - US Ft Pulaski & Ft Jackson, Savannah, seized by
Georgia
1862 - Romney Campaign-Stonewall Jackson moves north from
Winchester
1865 - Con Orem & Hugh O'Neill box 193 rounds before
darkness ends match
1868 - Meiji Restoration returns authority to Japan's
emperors
1870 - Construction begins on Brooklyn Bridge in New York;
completed May 24, 1883
1871 - Oleomargarine patented by Henry Bradley, Binghamton,
NY
1872 - 1st patent list issued by US Patent Office
1888 - 1st wax drinking straw patented, by Marvin C Stone in
Washington DC
1889 - Admissions convention meets in Ellensburg, WA, asks
for statehood
1890 - 1st US college-level dairy school opens at University
of Wisconsin
1896 - Emperor Wilhelm congratulates Pres Kruger on the
Jameson Raid
1899 - The first known use of the word automobile, was seen
in an editorial in The New York Times.
Author and Nobel Laureate Gerhart HauptmannAuthor and Nobel
Laureate Gerhart Hauptmann 1900 - Gerhart Hauptmanns "Schluck und
Jau," premieres in Berlin
1900 - Perihelion Passage
1902 - Reg Duff 104 on Test debut, v England at MCG
1910 - British miners strike for 8 hour working day
1911 - US postal savings bank inaugurated
1912 - South Pacific RR offers to bring Liberty Bell to
Exposition, free
1912 - 10th Davis Cup: Australasia beats USA in Christchurch
(5-0)
1914 - Kelman/Cushing/Heath' musical "Sari,"
premieres in NYC
1918 - US employment service opens as a unit of Dept of
Labor
1920 - Arthur Honegger's "Chant de Nigamon,"
premieres
1920 - NY Yankees purchase Babe Ruth from Red Sox for
$125,000
1921 - Turkey makes peace with Armenia
1922 - 1st living person identified on a US coin (Thomas E
Kirby) on the Alabama Centennial half-dollar
1924 - British egyptologist Howard Carter finds sarcophagus
of Tutankhamun
1925 - Benito Mussolini dissolves Italian parliament/becomes
dictator
Italian Dictator Benito MussoliniItalian Dictator Benito
Mussolini 1926 - Greek gen Theodorus Pangulos names himself dictator
1929 - 27 year old William S Paley becomes CBS pres
1929 - Bradman scores 112 v England at MCG - his 1st Test
century
1931 - Nels Stewart of Montreal Maroons scores 2 goals in 4
sec (record)
1932 - Martial law is declared in Honduras to stop revolt by
banana workers fired by United Fruit.
1933 - Minnie D. Craig becomes the first female elected as
Speaker of the North Dakota House of Representatives, the first female to hold
a Speaker position anywhere in the United States.
1938 - March of Dimes established to fight polio
1939 - Gene Cox becomes 1st girl page in US House of
Representatives
1940 - WPG-AM in Atlantic City NJ consolidates with WBIL
& WOV as "new" WOV
1941 - Canada & US acquire air bases in Newfoundland (99
yr lease)
1941 - Italian counter offensive in Albania
1941 - Sergei Rachmaninov's "Symphonic Dances"
premieres in Philadelphia
1942 - American-British-Dutch-Australian (ABDA) Command
forms
1943 - 1st missing persons telecast (NYC)
1943 - Canadian Army troops arrive in North Africa
1944 - World War II: Top Ace Major Greg "Pappy"
Boyington is shot down in his Corsair by Captain Masajiro Kawato flying a Zero.
1945 - Allies land on west coast of Burma, conquer Akyab
Soldier, author, journalist, politician Winston
ChurchillSoldier, author, journalist, politician Winston Churchill 1945 -
British Premier Winston Churchill visits France
1945 - Cato-Meridian School, NY, installs germicidal lamps
in every room
1945 - Greek General Plastiras forms government
1945 - John Patrick's "Hasty Heart," premieres in
NYC
1945 - US aircraft carriers attack Okinawa
1947 - 1st opening session of Congress to be televised
1947 - William Dawson becomes 1st black to head
congressional committee
1948 - Bradman completes dual Test tons (132 & 127*) v
India MCG
1949 - "Colgate Theater" dramatic anthology series
premieres on NBC TV
1951 - 9 Jewish Kremlin physicians "exposed" as
British/US agents
1951 - Fred Wilt wins AAU Sullivan Memorial Trophy (US
athlete of 1950)
1952 - "Dragnet" with Jack Webb premieres on NBC
TV
1952 - Australia beat W Indies by one wicket at the MCG,
last stand 38
1953 - Frances Bolton and her son, Oliver from Ohio, become
the first mother and son to serve simultaneously in the U.S. Congress.
1955 - Jose Ramon Guizado becomes president of Panama
1956 - A fire damages the top part of the Eiffel Tower.
1957 - 1st electric watch introduced, Lancaster Pa
Mountaineer and Explorer Edmund HillaryMountaineer and
Explorer Edmund Hillary 1958 - Edmund Hillary reaches South Pole overland
1958 - Lindsay Kline takes a hat-trick v South Africa at
Cape Town
1958 - The West Indies Federation is formed.
1959 - Alaska admitted as 49th US state
1961 - Adam Clayton Powell elected Chairman of House
Education & Labor
1961 - US breaks diplomatic relations with Cuba
1962 - Ground is broken for the Houston Astrodome
1962 - Pope John XXIII excommunicates Fidel Castro
1963 - WOUB TV channel 20 in Athens, OH (PBS) begins
broadcasting
1964 - Jack Paar Show, shows a clip of the Beatles singing
"She Loves You"
1966 - Floyd B McKissick, named national director of CORE
1967 - "Tonight Show" is shortened from 105 to 90
minutes
1967 - Carl Wilson of the Beach Boys is indicted for draft
evasion
1967 - WJAN TV channel 17 in Canton, OH (IND) begins
broadcasting
1969 - John Lennon's "2 Virgins" album declared
pornographic in NJ
Musician and Beatle John LennonMusician and Beatle John
Lennon 1969 - Rep Adam Clayton Powell Jr seated by Congress
1970 - "Jimmy" closes at Winter Garden Theater NYC
after 84 performances
1970 - "Mame" closes at Winter Garden Theater NYC
after 1508 performances
1970 - Marxist government takes over in Congo
1970 - WHAG TV channel 25 in Hagerstown, MD (NBC) begins
broadcasting
1971 - "President's Daughter" closes at Billy Rose
Theater NYC after 72 perfs
1971 - Baltimore Colts beat Oakland Raiders 27-17 in AFC
championship game
1971 - Dallas Cowboys beat SF '49ers 17-10 in NFC
championship game
1973 - George Steinbrenner III buys Yankees from CBS for $12
million
1974 - Arias Navarro succeeds Carrero Blanco as premier of
Spain
1974 - Burma accepts its constitution
1974 - Gold hits record $121.25 an ounce in London
1974 - Miguel Pinero's "Short Eyes," premieres in
NYC
1974 - NY Yankees sign Bill Virdon as manager
1976 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
New York Yankees Owner George SteinbrennerNew York Yankees
Owner George Steinbrenner 1977 - Apple Computers incorporate
1977 - Lindy McDaniel retires with 2nd most pitching
appearances (987 games)
1978 - Chandrasekar takes 6-52 & 6-52 at MCG in Indian
innings win
1980 - Gold hits record $634 an ounce
1981 - 55th Australian Womens Tennis: H Mandlikova beats W
Turnbull (60 75)
1981 - Cleveland Cavaliers retire jersey # 34, Austin Carr
1981 - Greg Chappell scores 204 v India at the SCG
1981 - Mary Terstegge Meagher swims female record 100 m
butterfly (58.91)
1983 - Tony Dorsett sets NFL record with 99-yd rush, Dallas
vs Minnesota
1984 - Syria frees captured US pilot after appeal from Jesse
Jackson
1985 - Azharuddin scores 110 in 1st Test innings
1985 - Israel government confirms resettlement of 10,000
Ethiopian Jews
1987 - "Oh Coward!" closes at Helen Hayes Theater
NYC after 56 performances
1987 - "Smile" closes at Lunt-Fontanne Theater NYC
after 48 performances
1987 - Rock & Roll Hall of Fame inducts 1st female
artist Aretha Franklin
1988 - Israel orders 9 Palestinian "instigators"
deported from W Beirut
British Prime Minister Margaret ThatcherBritish Prime
Minister Margaret Thatcher 1988 - Margaret Thatcher becomes longest-serving
British PM this century
1989 - Jim & Tammy Bakker return to TV (Oy Vey!)
1989 - Russian newspaper Izvestia gets its 1st commercial
advertisement
1990 - Panama's leader Gen Manuel Noriega surrenders to US
authorities
1991 - Israel reopens consulate in USSR after 23 years
1991 - LA King Wayne Gretzky scores his 700th goal against
NY Islanders
1992 - 32 Cubans defect to the US via helicopter
1992 - Boon completes 11 Test Cricket century, 129* v India
at Sydney
1993 - "Catskills on Broadway" closes at
Lunt-Fontanne NYC after 452 perfs
1993 - "Christmas Carol" closes at Broadhurst
Theater NYC after 22 perfs
1993 - "Lost in Yonkers" closes at Richard Rodgers
NYC after 780 perfs
1993 - "Secret Garden" closes at St James Theater
NYC after 706 performances
1993 - "Tommy Tune Tonite!" closes at Gershwin NYC
after 10 performances
1993 - Junk bond king Michael Milkin is released from jail
after 22 months
1994 - "Gray's Anatomy" closes at Beaumont Theater
NYC after 13 performances
1994 - 100s killed in Venezuela in prison revolt
1994 - Tupolev-154M crashes at Irkutsk, Siberia: 122 killed
1994 - 35-foot-tall Chief Wahoo, trademark of Indians on top
of Stadium since 1962, is taken down, to be moved to Jacob's Field
1997 - Bryant Gumbel co-hosted his final "Today"
show on NBC-TV
1997 - Eddo Brandes takes ODI hat-trick v England at Harare
1997 - Zimbabwe clean-sweep ODI series v England 3-0
1997 - The People's Republic of China announces it will
spend $27.7 billion USD to fight erosion and pollution in the Yangtze and
Yellow river valleys.
1998 - "Side Show," closes at Richard Rodgers NYC
after 91 performances
1998 - Grandpa Jones suffers a stroke
1999 - Israel detains, and later expels, 14 members of
Concerned Christians.
1999 - The Mars Polar Lander was launched.
2004 - Flight 604, a Boeing 737 owned by Flash Airlines, an
Egyptian airliner, plunges into the Red Sea, killing all 148 people on board.
2007 - National Express has its worst ever coach crash just
outside Heathrow Airport.
2009 - Israeli ground forces invade Gaza.
2013 - 27 Shiite pilgrims are killed and 60 are injured by a
suicide bombing in Musayyib, Iraq
1496 - References in Leonardo da Vinci notebooks suggested that he tested his flying machine. The test didn't succeed and he didn't try to fly again for several years. 1521 - Pope Leo X excommunicated Martin Luther. 1777 - The Battle of Princeton took place in the War of Independence, in which George Washington defeated the British forces, led by Cornwallis. 1815 - By secret treaty, Austria, Britain, and France formed a defensive alliance against Prusso-Russian plans to solve the Saxon and Polish problems. 1823 - Stephen F. Austin received a grant from the Mexican government and began colonization in the region of the Brazos River in Texas. 1825 - The first engineering college in the U.S. , Rensselaer School, opened in Troy, NY. It is now known as Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. 1833 - Britain seized control of the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic. About 150 years later, Argentina seized the islands from the British, but Britain took them back after a 74-day war. 1868 - The Shogunate was abolished in Japan and Meiji dynasty was restored. 1871 - Henry W. Bradley patented oleomargarine. 1888 - The drinking straw was patented by Marvin C. Stone. 1924 - English explorer Howard Carter discovered the sarcophagus of Tutankhamen in the Valley of the Kings, near Luxor, Egypt. 1925 - In Italy, Mussolini announced that he would take dictatorial powers. 1938 - The first broadcast of "Woman in White" was presented on the NBC Red network. The program remained on radio for 10 years. 1938 - The March of Dimes was established by U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The organization fights poliomyelitis. The original name of the organization was the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis. 1947 - U.S. Congressional proceedings were televised for the first time. Viewers in Washington, Philadelphia and New York City saw some of the opening ceremonies of the 80th Congress. 1947 - In Trenton, NJ, Al Herrin, passed away at age 92. He had claimed that he had not slept at all during his life. 1951 - NBC-TV debuted "Dragnet." 1953 - Frances Bolton and her son, Oliver from Ohio, became the first mother-son combination to serve at the same time in the U.S. Congress. 1957 - The Hamilton Watch Company introduced the first electric watch. 1959 - In the U.S., Alaska became the 49th state. 1961 - The U.S. severed diplomatic relations with Cuba. 1962 - Pope John XXIII excommunicated Cuban prime minister Fidel Castro. 1967 - Jack Ruby died in a Dallas, TX, hospital. 1973 - The Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) sold the New York Yankees to a 12-man syndicate headed by George Steinbrenner for $10 million. 1980 - Conservationist Joy Adamson, author of "Born Free," was killed in northern Kenya by a servant. 1983 - Tony Dorsett (Dallas Cowboys) made the longest run from scrimmage in NFL history. Dorsett ran 99 yards in a game against the Minnesota Vikings. 1984 - A woman died at Disneyland after falling from a ride. She had apparently unfastened her seatbelt while on the Matterhorn bobsled. 1988 - Margaret Thatcher became the longest-serving British Prime Minister in the 20th century. 1990 - Ousted Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega surrendered to U.S. forces, 10 days after taking refuge in the Vatican's diplomatic mission. 1991 - The British government announced that seven Iraqi diplomats, another embassy staff member and 67 other Iraqis were being expelled from Britain. 1993 - U.S. President George H.W. Bush and Russian President Boris Yeltsin signed the second Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) in Moscow. 1995 - WHO reported that the cumulative total of officially reported cases of AIDS had risen to 1,025,073 in 192 countries as at the end of 1994. 1995 - The U.S. Postal Service raised the price of the first-class stamp to 32 cents. 1997 - Bryant Gumbel signed off for the last time as host of NBC's "Today" show. 1998 - China announced that it would spend $27.7 billion to fight erosion and pollution in the Yangtze and Yellow river valleys. 1999 - Israeli authorities detained, and later expelled, 14 members of Concerned Christians. Israili officials claimed that the Denver, CO-based cult was plotting violence in Jerusalem to bring about the Second Coming of Christ. 2000 - Charles M. Schulz's final original daily comic strip appeared in newspapers. 2001 - The ATF (Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms) charged the "Texas 7" with weapons violations. An autopsy showed that Office Aubrey Hawkins, killed by the convicts, had been shot 11 times and run over with a vehicle. 2004 - NASA's Spirit rover landed on Mars. The craft was able to send back black and white images three hours after landing.
Jan 3, 1521: Martin Luther excommunicated 1521 Martin Luther excommunicated by Pope Leo X. 1777 George Washington defeated Cornwallis's forces at the Battle of Princeton. 1833 Britain seized control of the Falkland Islands. 1870 Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge began. 1920 The New York Yankees acquired Babe Ruth and so began the "curse of the Bambino" that haunted the Boston Red Sox until 2004. 1947 Congressional proceedings were televised for the first time. 1958 Sir Edmund Hillary reached the South Pole overland. 1959 Alaska became the 49th state in the United States. 1962 Pope John XXIII excommunicated Fidel Castro. 1967 Jack Ruby, the man who shot John Kennedy's assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald, died. 1987 Aretha Franklin became the first woman to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 1990 Manuel Noriega surrendered to U.S. forces.
The following links are to web sites that were used to complete this blog entry:
http://www.historyorb.com/today/events.php
http://on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan03.htm
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history
http://www.infoplease.com/dayinhistory
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