Thursday, January 2, 2014

On This Day in History - January 2 Reconquest of Spain

Once again, it should be reiterated, that this does not pretend to be a very extensive history of what happened on this day (nor is it the most original - the links can be found down below). If you know something that I am missing, by all means, shoot me an email or leave a comment, and let me know!

http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history


Jan 2, 1492: Reconquest of Spain

The kingdom of Granada falls to the Christian forces of King Ferdinand V and Queen Isabella I, and the Moors lose their last foothold in Spain.  

Located at the confluence of the Darro and Genil rivers in southern Spain, the city of Granada was a Moorish fortress that rose to prominence during the reign of Sultan Almoravid in the 11th century. In 1238, the Christian Reconquest forced Spanish Muslims south, and the kingdom of Granada was established as the last refuge of the Moorish civilization.  

Granada flourished culturally and economically for the next 200 years, but in the late 15th century internal feuds and a strengthened Spanish monarchy under Ferdinand and Isabella signaled the end of Moorish civilization in Spain. On January 2, 1492, King Boabdil surrendered Granada to the Spanish forces, and in 1502 the Spanish crown ordered all Muslims forcibly converted to Christianity. The next century saw a number of persecutions, and in 1609 the last Moors still adhering to Islam were expelled from Spain.



Jan 2, 1980: U.S.-Russia detente ends

On this day in 1980, in a strong reaction to the December 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, President Jimmy Carter asks the Senate to postpone action on the SALT II nuclear weapons treaty and recalls the U.S. ambassador to Moscow. These actions sent a message that the age of detente and the friendlier diplomatic and economic relations that were established between the United States and Soviet Union during President Richard Nixon's administration (1969-74) had ended.  

Carter feared that the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, in which an estimated 30,000 combat troops entered that nation and established a puppet government, would threaten the stability of strategic neighboring countries such as Iran and Pakistan and could lead to the USSR gaining control over much of the world's oil supplies. The Soviet actions were labeled "a serious threat to peace" by the White House. Carter asked the Senate to shelve ratification talks on SALT II, the nuclear arms treaty that he and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev had already signed, and the president called U.S. ambassador to Moscow Thomas J. Watson back to Washington for "consultation," in an effort to let the Kremlin know that military intervention in Afghanistan was unacceptable.  

When the Soviets refused to withdraw from Afghanistan, America halted certain key exports to the USSR, including grain and high technology, and boycotted the 1980 summer Olympics, which were held in Moscow. The United States also began to covertly subsidize anti-Soviet fighters in Afghanistan. During Ronald Reagan's presidency in the 1980s, the CIA secretly sent billions of dollars to Afghanistan to arm and train the mujahedeen rebel forces that were battling the Soviets. This tactic was successful in helping to drive out the Soviets, but it also gave rise to the oppressive Taliban regime and Osama bin Laden's al-Qaida terrorist organization.  

In 1980, Jimmy Carter lost the presidency to Ronald Reagan, who favored a more aggressive anti-Communist foreign policy. Reagan dubbed the USSR the "evil empire" and believed it was America's responsibility to save the world from Soviet repression. He dramatically increased U.S. defense spending and ramped up the nuclear arms race with the Soviets, whose faltering economy ultimately prevented them from keeping pace. The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991.



Here's a more detailed look at events that transpired on this date throughout history:

69 - Roman Lower Rhine army proclaims its commander, Vitellius, emperor
366 - The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine River in large numbers, invading the Roman Empire.
533 - John II begins his reign as Catholic Pope
1235 - Emperor Joseph II orders Jews of Galicia Austria to adopt family names
1492 - Spain recaptures Granada from the Moors (Granada Day)
1570 - Tsar Ivan the Terrible's march to Novgorod begins
1585 - Spain & Catholic France sign Saint League of Joinville
1602 - Spanish force in Ireland surrender to the English army at Kinsdale
1678 - Staatsoper Hamburg opens with Theiles "Adam und Eva"
1757 - British troops occupy Calcutta India
1776 - 1st revolutionary flag displayed
1776 - Austria ends interregation torture
1788 - Georgia is 4th state to ratify US constitution
1791 - Big Bottom massacre in the Ohio Country, marking the beginning of the Northwest Indian War.
1800 - Free black community of Phila petitions Congress to abolish slave
1811 - US Sen Thomas Pickering is 1st senator censured (revealed confidential documents communicated by the president of the US)
1814 - Lord Byron completes "The Corsair"
1818 - Lord Byron completes "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage" (4th canto)
1818 - The British Institution of Civil Engineers is founded.
Russian Tsar Ivan the TerribleRussian Tsar Ivan the Terrible 1831 - Liberator, abolitionist newspaper, begins publishing in Boston
1832 - 1st Curling club in US (Orchard Lake Curling Club) opens
1833 - Re-establishment of British rule on the Falklands.
1839 - 1st photo of the Moon (French photographer Louis Daguerre)
1842 - 1st US wire suspension bridge for general traffic opens in Penn
1843 - Wagner's opera "Der Fliegende Holländer" premieres, Dresden
1861 - SC seizes inactive Ft Johnson in Charleston Harbor
1861 - Colonel Charles Stone is put in charge of organizing DC militia
1863 - Battle of Murfreesboro (Stone's River) ends
1871 - King Amadeus I of Spain inaugurated at 25
1879 - 1st Test match hat-trick, Fred Spofforth at the MCG
1879 - British battleship Thunder explodes in Gulf of Ismid, 9 die
1879 - Dr Benjamin E Mays, named president of Atlanta Board of Education
1879 - Northwestern League (minor baseball league) organized, Rockford, Ill
1881 - Camille Saint-Saëns' 3rd Concerto in B, premieres
Photographer and Inventor Louis-Jacques DaguerrePhotographer and Inventor Louis-Jacques Daguerre 1882 - Because of anti-monopoly laws, Standard Oil is organized as a trust
1885 - Gen Wolseley receives last distress signal of Gen Gordon in Khartoum
1890 - Alice Sanger becomes 1st female White House staffer
1890 - Record 19'2" alligator shot in Louisiana by E A McIlhenny
1893 - 1st US commemoratives & 1st US stamp to picture a woman issued (Queen Isabella, patron of Columbus)
1893 - World's Columbian Exposition opens in Chicago [or 0501]
1896 - Battle at Doornkop, South Africa (Boers beat Dr Jamesons troops)
1900 - E Verlinger begins manufacturing 7" single-sided records (Montreal)
1900 - Gustave Charpentiers opera "Louise," premieres in Paris
1900 - John Hay announces the Open Door Policy to promote trade with China.
1903 - Pres T Roosevelt shuts down post office in Indianola Miss, for refusing to accept its appointed postmistress because she was black
1905 - Elara, a satellite of Jupiter, discovered by Perrine
1905 - Japanese troops capture Port Arthur
1905 - The American anarcho-syndicalist union known as the Industrial Workers of the World forms.
1908 - Canadian branch of the Royal Mint opens in Ottawa
1909 - 1st official Dutch 11 city skate (Minne Hoekstra in 13:50)
1910 - 1st junior high schools in US opens (Berkeley California)
1911 - Bkln Dodgers pres Charles Ebbets announces purchase of grounds to build a new concrete-and-steel stadium to seat 30,000
1913 - National Woman's Party forms
1914 - Philips installs research dept in Eindhoven
1917 - Royal Bank of Canada takes over Quebec Bank
1918 - Dodgers trade Casey Stengel & Cutshaw to Pitts for Grimes & Mamaux
1918 - NHL Montreal Wanderers disband after Westmount arena burns down
1919 - Anti-British uprising in Ireland
1919 - Lithuania gains independence
1920 - 10,000 US union & socialist organizers arrested (Palmer Raids)
1921 - 1st religious service radio broadcast in US, KDKA-Pittsburgh
1921 - DeYoung Museum in Golden Gate Park opens
1923 - Ku Klux Klan surprise attack on black residential area Rosewood Fla, 8 killed (compensation awarded in 1995)
1925 - Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region established (now in Tadzhik SSR)
1929 - US & Canada agree to preserve Niagara Falls
1932 - Young gang shoot dead 6 police in Springfield Missouri
1933 - Bradman scores 103* against the Bodyline attack in the 2nd Test
1933 - Bruins beat Rangers in NY 13-3
1933 - Ijmuider fishing strike begins (till July 11th)
1933 - US troops leave Nicaragua
1934 - 1st state liquor stores open, in Pennsylvania
1934 - Bradman scores 253 NSW v Queensland, 204 mins, 29 fours 4 sixes
1935 - Bruno R Hauptmann trial begins for kidnap-murder of Lindbergh baby
1936 - 1st electron tube to enable night vision described, St Louis, Mo
1936 - Bradman scores 357 for SA v Vic, 424 minutes, 40 fours
1938 - Book publisher Simon and Schuster founded
1939 - Bradman scores 107 SA v Victoria, his 4th consecutive century
1941 - World War II: German bombing severely damages the Llandaff Cathedral in Cardiff, Wales.
1941 - World War II: The U.S. government announces its Liberty ship program to build freighters in support of the war effort.
1942 - 28 nations, at war with Axis, pledge no separate peace
1942 - German troops in Bardia surrender
1942 - Japanese troops occupy Manila Philippines
1942 - The United States Navy opens a blimp base at Lakehurst, New Jersey.
1944 - 1st use of helicopters during warfare (British Atlantic patrol)
1945 - Allied air raid on Neurenberg
1945 - Kentucky begins 130 home basketball game win streak, ends in 1955
1945 - Radio Orange ends cooperation at Liese-Aktion
Pacifist and Spiritual Leader Mahatma GandhiPacifist and Spiritual Leader Mahatma Gandhi 1947 - Mahatma Gandhi begins march for peace in East-Bengali
1948 - WNDT (now WNET) TV channel 13 in New York-Newark, NY (PBS) begins
1949 - KDKA TV channel 2 in Pittsburgh, PA (CBS) begins broadcasting
1949 - Luis Muñoz Marín becomes the first democratically elected Governor of Puerto Rico.
1951 - Philip Barry's "Second Threshold," premieres in NYC
1952 - "Pal Joey" opens at Broadhurst Theater NYC for 542 performances
1953 - NBA Baltimore Bullets begin a 32 game road losing streak
1954 - Herman Wouks "Caine Mutiny," premieres in NYC
1955 - 1st "Bob Cummings Show" premieres on NBC (later on CBS)
1955 - Panamanian president Jose Antonio Remon is assassinated.
1956 - Poujadists/communists win French parliamentary elections
1958 - Dmitri Shostakovitch' 2nd Piano concert, premieres in NY
1959 - USSR launches Mechta (Luna 1) for 1st lunar fly-by, 1st solar orbit
1960 - 1st redshank old world shore bird reported in North America (Halifax)
1960 - John Reynolds sets age of solar system at 4,950,000,000 years
1960 - Roger Sessions' 4th Symphony, premieres
1960 - Senator John F Kennedy, announces his candidacy for the US Presidency
1961 - 1st AFL Championship Game, Houston Oilers beat LA Chargers 24-16
1961 - Hawaii's, then all time low temperature, 14°F recorded atop Haleakale
1962 - Nighttime version of "Password" with Allen Ludden premieres on CBS
1964 - Failed assassination attempt on president Nkrumah of Ghana
1965 - Ayub Khan elected president of Pakistan
Clergyman and Civil Rights Activist Martin Luther King Jr.Clergyman and Civil Rights Activist Martin Luther King Jr. 1965 - Martin Luther King Jr begins a drive to register black voters
1965 - NY Jets sign quarterback Joe Namath
1965 - Obverse design of all Canadian coins is changed to depict present-day
1966 - 1st Jewish child born in Spain since 1492 expulsion
1966 - Green Bay Packers beat Cleveland Browns 23-12 in NFL championship game
1968 - "Zizi" closes at Broadway Theater NYC after 49 performances
1968 - Christian Barnard performs 2nd heart transplant
1968 - KBHK TV channel 44 in San Francisco, CA (IND) begins broadcasting
1969 - "Fig Leaves Are Falling" opens at Broadhurst Theater NYC for 4 perfs
1969 - "Soviet Sport" calls Emile Zatopek a public enemy
1969 - Lorraine Hansberry's "To be Young, Gifted & Black," premieres in NYC
1969 - Luis Ferré becomes the first statehooder Governor of Puerto Rico.
1969 - Operation Barrier Reef begins in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam.
1970 - Dutch premiere of musical "Hair" in Amsterdam
1970 - US population is 293,200,000; Black population: 22,600,000 (11.1%)
1971 - A barrier collapses at Ibrox Park football ground at end of a soccer match in Glasgow Scotland, killing 66
1972 - "Rothschilds" closes at Lunt-Fontanne Theater NYC after 505 perfs
1972 - Dallas Cowboys beat SF '49ers 14-3 in NFC championship game
1972 - Mariner 9 begins mapping Mars
1972 - Miami Dolphins beat Balt Colts 21-0 in AFC championship game
37th US President Richard Nixon37th US President Richard Nixon 1974 - 55 MPH speed limit imposed by Richard Nixon
1974 - Worst fire in Argentine history destroys 1.2 million acres
1975 - US Dept of Interior designates grizzly bear a threatened species
1977 - Bowie Kuhn suspends Braves owner Ted Turner for one year due to tampering charges in Gary Matthews free-agency signing
1978 - Bulent Ecevit forms government in Turkey
1978 - Rhino Records releases their 1st album "Wildmania"
1979 - 30th Islander shut-out opponent-Glenn Resch 9-0 vs Vancouver
1979 - Gavaskar gets twin tons for India for the third time (v WI)
1979 - Sid Vicious' trial for murder of girlfriend Nancy Spungen begins
1980 - 68th Australian Men Tennis: Guillermo Vilas beat John Sadri (76 63 62)
1981 - Mary Terstegge Meagher swims female record 200 m butterfly (2:05.65)
1981 - Sylvester Clarke knocks out spectator with brick, WI v Pakistan
1982 - "Camelot" closes at Winter Garden Theater NYC after 48 performances
1982 - 70th Australian Mens Tennis: Johan Kriek beats S Denton (62 76 67 64)
1982 - Islanders start 23 undefeated home streak (21-0-2) 14 straight wins
Musician Sid ViciousMusician Sid Vicious 1982 - San Diego Chargers beat Miami Dolphins, 41-38 in 13:52 of OT
1983 - "Annie" closes at Alvin Theater NYC after 2,377 performances
1983 - "Sophisticated Ladies" closes at Lunt-Fontanne NYC after 767 perfs
1983 - Don Muraco beats Pedro Morales to become WWF Intercontinental Champ
1983 - Gary Trudeau takes a 20-month break from writing "Doonesbury"
1983 - Ken Anderson of Cincinnati completes record 20 consecutive passes
1984 - Darryl Cullinan, 16, scores his 1st first-class cricket century
1984 - Miami beats Nebraska in Orange Bowl for college football championship
1984 - Riot in Tunis kills over 100
1984 - Wilson Goode, sworn-in as Phila's 1st black mayor
1985 - 90th hat trick in Islander history-Brent Sutter
1985 - Australia beat WI by innings at SCG, Bob Holland 10 match wkts
1985 - Egyptian Pres Mubarak reappoints Coptic pope Shenuda III
1985 - Nevada-Las Vegas beats Utah 142-140, highest college basketball score
1985 - Undefeated BYU becomes college football champions
1986 - 191.66 million shares traded in NY Stock Exchange
1986 - NY Islander, Mike Bossy, scores his 500th goal
1987 - Penn State upsets Miami in Fiesta Bowl for college football champ
1987 - Troops of Chad President Habré conquer Fada oasis
1988 - Ashland Oil storage tank spills 3.8 million gallons, Penn
US President & Actor Ronald ReaganUS President & Actor Ronald Reagan 1988 - Mulroney & Reagan sign Canada-US free trade agreement
1989 - Notre Dame beats West Virginia for college football championship
1989 - UCLA wins a record 7th consecutive bowl game
1990 - Dow Jones hits record 2,800 (2,810.15)
1990 - Sting joins wrestlings 4 Horsemen (Flair, Arn Anderson, Ole Anderson)
1991 - Colorado wins its 1st AP national title poll
1992 - Test debut of Shane Warne, v India at Sydney
1993 - "Gypsy Passion" closes at Plymouth Theater NYC after 55 performances
1994 - "Abe Lincoln in Illinois" closes at Beaumont NYC after 40 perfs
1994 - "Shakespeare after My Father" closes at Helen Hayes NYC after 266 perf
1994 - Battles between army & rebellious indians in South Mexico, kill 57
1995 - Bus crashes in Luzon Philippines, 29 killed
1995 - Carquest Bowl 5: South Carolina beats West Virginia, 24-21
1995 - Most distant galaxy yet discovered found by scientists using Keck telescope in Hawaii (est 15 billion light years away)
1997 - Howard Stern Radio Show premieres in Columbus OH on WBZX 99.7 FM
1998 - Autopsy of Chris Farley shows he overdosed of opiates & cocaine
1999 - A brutal snowstorm smashes into the Midwestern United States, causing 14 inches (359 mm) of snow in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and 19 inches (487 mm) in Chicago, where temperatures plunge to -13°F (-25°C); 68 deaths are reported.
2001 - Sila Calderón becomes the first female Governor of Puerto Rico.
2002 - Eduardo Duhalde is appointed interim President of Argentina by the Legislative Assembly.
2004 - Stardust successfully flies past Comet Wild 2, collecting samples that it will return to Earth two years later.



1492 - The leader of the last Arab stronghold in Spain surrendered to Spanish forces loyal to King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I.   1788 - Georgia became the 4th state to ratify the U.S. Constitution.   1842 - In Fairmount, PA, the first wire suspension bridge was opened to traffic.   1859 - Erastus Beadle published "The Dime Book of Practical Etiquette."   1872 - Brigham Young, the 71-year-old leader of the Mormon Church, was arrested on a charge of bigamy. He had 25 wives.   1879 - Thomas Edison began construction on his first generator.   1890 - Alice Sanger became the first female White House staffer.   1892 - Ellis Island opened as America's first federal immigration center. Annie Moore, at age 15, became the first person to pass through.   1893 - The first commemorative postage stamps were issued.   1900 - U.S. Secretary of State John Hay announced the Open Door Policy to prompt trade with China.   1900 - The Chicago Canal opened.   1910 - The first junior high school in the United States opened. McKinley School in Berkeley, CA, housed seventh and eighth grade students. In a separate building students were housed who attended grades 9-12.   1917 - Royal Bank of Canada took over the Quebec Bank.   1921 - The first religious broadcast on radio was heard on KDKA Radio in Pittsburgh, PA, as Dr. E.J. Van Etten of Calvary Episcopal Church preached.   1921 - DeYoung Museum in Golden Gate Park opened.   1929 - The United States and Canada reached an agreement on joint action to preserve Niagara Falls.   1935 - Bruno Richard Hauptmann went on trial for the kidnap-murder of Charles Lindberghs baby. Hauptmann was found guilt and executed.  1942 - The Philippine capital of Manila was captured by Japanese forces during World War II.   1953 - "The Life of Riley" debuted on NBC-TV.   1955 - Panamanian President Jose Antonio Remon was assassinated.   1957 - The San Francisco and Los Angeles stock exchanges merged.   1959 - CBS Radio ended four soap operas. "Our Gal Sunday", "This is Nora Drake", "Backstage Wife" and "Road of Life" all aired for the last time.   1960 - U.S. Sen. John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts announced his candidacy for the Democratic presidential nomination.   1965 - "Broadway" Joe Namath signed the richest rookie contract ($400,000) in the history of pro football.   1968 - Fidel Castro announced petroleum and sugar rationing in Cuba.   1971 - In the U.S., a federally imposed ban on television cigarette advertisements went into effect.   1974 - U.S. President Richard M. Nixon signed a bill requiring all states to lower the maximum speed limit to 55 MPH. The law was intended to conserve gasoline supplies during an embargo imposed by Arab oil-producing countries. Federal speed limits were abolished in 1995.   1983 - The final edition of Garry Trudeau’s comic strip, "Doonesbury", appeared in 726 newspapers. "Doonesbury" began running again in September 1984.   1983 - The musical "Annie" closed on Broadway at the Uris Theatre after 2,377 performances.   1985 - The Rebels of UNLV beat Utah State in three overtime periods. The final score of 142-140 set a new NCAA record for total points in a basketball game (282). The game took over three hours to play.   1991 - Sharon Pratt Dixon was sworn in as mayor of Washington, DC. She was the first black woman to head a city of that size and prominence.   1996 - AT&T announced that it would eliminate 40,000 jobs over three years.   1998 - Russia began circulating new rubles in effort to keep inflation in check and promote confidence.



1492 Muhammad XI, the leader of the last Arab stronghold in Spain, surrendered to King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I. 1788 Georgia was admitted to the Union as the 4th state. 1839 Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre took the first photograph of the Moon. 1905 The Russo-Japanese war ended. 1923 The African-American town of Rosewood, Fla., was burned by a white mob. 1935 The Bruno R. Hauptmann trial began for the kidnap and murder of the Lindbergh baby. 1959 The first spacecraft to fly by the Moon and also to orbit the Sun, Mechta (Luna 1) was launched by the USSR.



The following links are to web sites that were used to complete this blog entry:

http://www.historyorb.com/today/events.php

http://on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan02.htm

http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history

http://www.infoplease.com/dayinhistory

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