July 11, 1804: Burr slays Hamilton in duel
In a duel held in Weehawken, New Jersey, Vice President Aaron Burr fatally shoots his long-time political antagonist Alexander Hamilton. Hamilton, a leading Federalist and the chief architect of America's political economy, died the following day.
Alexander Hamilton, born on the Caribbean island of Nevis, came to the American colonies in 1773 as a poor immigrant. (There is some controversy as to the year of his birth, but it was either 1755 or 1757.) In 1776, he joined the Continental Army in the American Revolution, and his relentless energy and remarkable intelligence brought him to the attention of General George Washington, who took him on as an aid. Ten years later, Hamilton served as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, and he led the fight to win ratification of the final document, which created the kind of strong, centralized government that he favored. In 1789, he was appointed the first secretary of the treasury by President Washington, and during the next six years he crafted a sophisticated monetary policy that saved the young U.S. government from collapse. With the emergence of political parties, Hamilton was regarded as a leader of the Federalists.
Aaron Burr, born into a prestigious New Jersey family in 1756, was also intellectually gifted, and he graduated from the College of New Jersey (later Princeton) at the age of 17. He joined the Continental Army in 1775 and distinguished himself during the Patriot attack on Quebec. A masterful politician, he was elected to the New State Assembly in 1783 and later served as state attorney. In 1790, he defeated Alexander Hamilton's father-in-law in a race for the U.S. Senate.
Hamilton came to detest Burr, whom he regarded as a dangerous opportunist, and he often spoke ill of him. When Burr ran for the vice presidency in 1796 on Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican ticket (the forerunner of the Democratic Party), Hamilton launched a series of public attacks against Burr, stating, "I feel it is a religious duty to oppose his career." John Adams won the presidency, and in 1797 Burr left the Senate and returned to the New York Assembly.
In 1800, Jefferson chose Burr again as his running mate. Burr aided the Democratic-Republican ticket by publishing a confidential document that Hamilton had written criticizing his fellow Federalist President John Adams. This caused a rift in the Federalists and helped Jefferson and Burr win the election with 73 electoral votes each.
Under the electoral procedure then prevailing, president and vice president were not voted for separately; the candidate who received the most votes was elected president, and the second in line, vice president. The vote then went to the House of Representatives. What at first seemed but an electoral technicality--handing Jefferson victory over his running mate--developed into a major constitutional crisis when Federalists in the lame-duck Congress threw their support behind Burr. After a remarkable 35 tie votes, a small group of Federalists changed sides and voted in Jefferson's favor. Alexander Hamilton, who had supported Jefferson as the lesser of two evils, was instrumental in breaking the deadlock.
Burr became vice president, but Jefferson grew apart from him, and he did not support Burr's renomination to a second term in 1804. That year, a faction of New York Federalists, who had found their fortunes drastically diminished after the ascendance of Jefferson, sought to enlist the disgruntled Burr into their party and elect him governor. Hamilton campaigned against Burr with great fervor, and Burr lost the Federalist nomination and then, running as an independent for governor, the election. In the campaign, Burr's character was savagely attacked by Hamilton and others, and after the election he resolved to restore his reputation by challenging Hamilton to a duel, or an "affair of honor," as they were known.
Affairs of honor were commonplace in America at the time, and the complex rules governing them usually led to an honorable resolution before any actual firing of weapons. In fact, the outspoken Hamilton had been involved in several affairs of honor in his life, and he had resolved most of them peaceably. No such recourse was found with Burr, however, and on July 11, 1804, the enemies met at 7 a.m. at the dueling grounds near Weehawken, New Jersey. It was the same spot where Hamilton's son had died defending his father's honor two years before.
There are conflicting accounts of what happened next. According to Hamilton's "second"--his assistant and witness in the duel--Hamilton decided the duel was morally wrong and deliberately fired into the air. Burr's second claimed that Hamilton fired at Burr and missed. What happened next is agreed upon: Burr shot Hamilton in the stomach, and the bullet lodged next to his spine. Hamilton was taken back to New York, and he died the next afternoon.
Few affairs of honor actually resulted in deaths, and the nation was outraged by the killing of a man as eminent as Alexander Hamilton. Charged with murder in New York and New Jersey, Burr, still vice president, returned to Washington, D.C., where he finished his term immune from prosecution.
In 1805, Burr, thoroughly discredited, concocted a plot with James Wilkinson, commander-in-chief of the U.S. Army, to seize the Louisiana Territory and establish an independent empire, which Burr, presumably, would lead. He contacted the British government and unsuccessfully pleaded for assistance in the scheme. Later, when border trouble with Spanish Mexico heated up, Burr and Wilkinson conspired to seize territory in Spanish America for the same purpose.
In the fall of 1806, Burr led a group of well-armed colonists toward New Orleans, prompting an immediate U.S. investigation. General Wilkinson, in an effort to save himself, turned against Burr and sent dispatches to Washington accusing Burr of treason. In February 1807, Burr was arrested in Louisiana for treason and sent to Virginia to be tried in a U.S. court. In September, he was acquitted on a technicality. Nevertheless, public opinion condemned him as a traitor, and he fled to Europe. He later returned to private life in New York, the murder charges against him forgotten. He died in 1836.
I thought that this was pretty interesting, as well. Hitler was visited by the man who would attempt to assassinate him.
July 11, 1944: Hitler is paid a visit by his would-be assassin
On this day in 1944, Count Claus von Stauffenberg, a German army officer, transports a bomb to Adolf Hitler's headquarters in Berchtesgaden, in Bavaria, with the intention of assassinating the Fuhrer.
As the war started to turn against the Germans, and the atrocities being committed at Hitler's behest grew, a growing numbers of Germans—within the military and without—began conspiring to assassinate their leader. As the masses were unlikely to turn on the man in whose hands they had hitherto placed their lives and future, it was up to men close to Hitler, German officers, to dispatch him. Leadership of the plot fell to Claus von Stauffenberg, newly promoted to colonel and chief of staff to the commander of the army reserve, which gave him access to Hitler's headquarters at Berchtesgaden and Rastenburg.
Stauffenberg had served in the German army since 1926. While serving as a staff officer in the campaign against the Soviet Union, he became disgusted at his fellow countrymen's vicious treatment of Jews and Soviet prisoners. He requested to be transferred to North Africa, where he lost his left eye, right hand, and two fingers of his left hand.
After recovering from his injuries, and determined to see Hitler removed from power by any means necessary, Stauffenberg traveled to Berchtesgaden on July 3 and received at the hands of a fellow army officer, Major-General Helmuth Stieff, a bomb with a silent fuse that was small enough to be hidden in a briefcase. On July 11, Stauffenberg was summoned to Berchtesgaden to report to Hitler on the current military situation. The plan was to use the bomb on July 15, but at the last minute, Hitler was called away to his headquarters at Rastenburg, in East Prussia. Stauffenberg was asked to follow him there. On July 16, a meeting took place between Stauffenberg and Colonel Caesar von Hofacker, another conspirator, in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee. Hofacker informed Stauffenberg that German defenses had collapsed at Normandy, and the tide had turned against them in the West. The assassination attempt was postponed until July 20, at Rastenburg.
And finally, this seemed interesting, as well. The United States established official relations with Vietnam, two decades after the end of the war in Vietnam.
July 11, 1995: U.S. establishes diplomatic relations with Vietnam
Two decades after the fall of Saigon, President Bill Clinton establishes full diplomatic relations with Vietnam, citing Vietnamese cooperation in accounting for the 2,238 Americans still listed as missing in the Vietnam War.
Normalization with America's old enemy began in early 1994, when President Clinton announced the lifting of the 19-year-old trade embargo against Vietnam. Despite the lifting of the embargo, high tariffs remained on Vietnamese exports pending the country's qualification as a "most favored nation," a U.S. trade status designation that Vietnam might earn after broadening its program of free-market reforms. In July 1995, Clinton established diplomatic relations. In making the decision, Clinton was advised by Republican Senator John McCain of Arizona, an ex-navy pilot who had spent five years as a prisoner of war in Hanoi during the Vietnam War. Brushing aside criticism of Clinton's decision by some Republicans, McCain asserted that it was time for America to normalize relations with Vietnam.
In May 1996, Clinton terminated the combat zone designation for Vietnam and nominated Florida Representative Douglas "Pete" Peterson to become the first ambassador to Vietnam since Graham Martin was airlifted out of the country by helicopter in late April 1975. Peterson himself had served as a U.S. Air Force captain during the Vietnam War and was held as a prisoner of war for six and a half years after his bomber was shot down near Hanoi in 1966. Confirmed by Congress in 1997, Ambassador Peterson presented his credentials to communist authorities in Hanoi, the Vietnamese capital, in May 1997. In November 2000, Peterson greeted Clinton in Hanoi in the first presidential visit to Vietnam since Richard Nixon's 1969 trip to South Vietnam during the Vietnam War.
Jul 11, 1782: British evacuate Savannah, Georgia
On this day in 1782, British Royal Governor Sir James Wright, along with several civil officials and military officers, flee the city of Savannah, Georgia, and head to Charleston, South Carolina. As part of the British evacuation, a group consisting of British regulars led by General Alured Clarke traveled to New York, while Colonel Thomas Brown led a mixed group of rangers and Indians to St. Augustine, Florida. The remaining British soldiers were transported to the West Indies aboard the frigate HMS Zebra and the sloop of war HMS Vulture.
Wright had been the only colonial governor and Georgia the only colony to successfully implement the Stamp Act in 1765. As revolutionary fervor grew elsewhere in the colonies, Georgia remained the most loyal colony, declining to send delegates to the Continental Congress in 1774. Governor Wright, though, had been taken into custody and placed under house arrest nearly a month earlier on January 18, 1776, by Patriots under the command of Major Joseph Habersham of the Provincial Congress. On February 11, Wright escaped from his residence in Savannah to the safety of a waiting British warship, the HMS Scarborough, anchored at the mouth of the Savannah River, and returned to London. Wright organized a military action and retook Savannah on December 29, 1778. He resumed his role as royal governor on July 22, 1779, and held the city until the British left of their own accord on this day in 1782, following General Charles Cornwallis' surrender to General George Washington at Yorktown in 1781.
Wright then moved to London, where he died three years later.
Jul 11, 1945: Soviets agree to hand over power in West Berlin
Fulfilling agreements reached at various wartime conferences, the Soviet Union promises to hand power over to British and U.S. forces in West Berlin. Although the division of Berlin (and of Germany as a whole) into zones of occupation was seen as a temporary postwar expedient, the dividing lines quickly became permanent. The divided city of Berlin became a symbol for Cold War tensions.
During a number of wartime conferences, the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union agreed that following the defeat of Germany, that nation would be divided into three zones of occupation. Berlin, the capital city of Germany, would likewise be divided. When the war in Europe ended in May 1945, however, Soviet troops were in complete control of eastern Germany and all of Berlin. Some U.S. officials, who had come to see the Soviet Union as an emerging threat to the postwar peace in Europe, believed that the Soviets would never relinquish control over any part of Berlin. However, on July 11, 1945, the Russian government announced that it would hand over all civilian and military control of West Berlin to British and American forces. This was accomplished, without incident, the following day. (The United States and Great Britain would later give up part of their zones of occupation in Germany and Berlin to make room for a French zone of occupation.)
In the years to come, West Berlin became the site of some notable Cold War confrontations. During 1948 and 1949, the Soviets blocked all land travel into West Berlin, forcing the United States to establish the Berlin Airlift to feed and care for the population of the city. In 1961, the government of East Germany constructed the famous Berlin Wall, creating an actual physical barrier to separate East and West Berlin. The divided city came to symbolize the animosities and tensions of the Cold War. In 1989, with communist control of East Germany crumbling, the Berlin Wall was finally torn down. The following year, East and West Germany formally reunited.
Here's a more detailed look at events that transpired on this date throughout history:
• On this day in 911, the signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy took place.
• The Siege of Shirakawa-den in Japan occurred on this day in 1156.
• Chwarizneense Turken defeated Jerusalem in 1244 on this day.
1347 - Bohemia heir to the throne elected German anti-king Charles IV
1376 - English "Good Parliament" meets
• Chinese fleet commander Zheng He set sail to explore the world for the first time on this day in 1405.
1423 - Arnold van Egmont becomes duke of Gelre
1476 - Giuliano della Rovere is appointed bishop of Coutances.
1525 - Trial against "heretic" John Pistorius at The Hague
1533 - Henry VIII, who divorced his wife and became head of the church of England, was excommunicated from the Catholic Church by Pope Clement VII.
1576 - Martin Frobisher sights Greenland.
1588 - French king Henri III accept demands of Catholic League
• Samuel de Champlain returned to Quebec on this day in 1616.
1635 - Armies of Savoye/Mantua/Parma occupy Milan
1673 - Netherlands and Denmark sign defense treaty
1690 - Battle of Drogheda Boyne (Willem III (Neth-Engl) beat Jacobus II (Ire)
• 1708 - The French were defeated at the Battle of Oudenaarde, Malplaquet, in the Netherlands by the "Great Alliance", led by the Duke of Marlborough and Eugene of Savoy.
1740 - Jews are expelled from Little Russia by order of Czarina Anne
1742 - A papal decree was issued condemning the disciplining actions of the Jesuits in China.
• The city of Halifax, Nova Scotia, was almost completely destroyed by fire on this day in 1750.
1776 - Captain James Cook begins his third voyage
1781 - Thomas Hutchins designated Geographer of US
1786 - Morocco agreed to stop attacking American ships in the Mediterranean for a payment of $10,000.
1792 - Prussia army moves into French territory
1798 - The U.S. Marine Corps was formally re-established by "An Act for Establishing a Marine Corps" passed by the U.S. Congress. The act also created the U.S. Marine Band. The Marines were first commissioned by the Continental Congress on November 10, 1775.
• 1801 - French astronomer Jean-Louis Pons discovers his first comet
1811 - Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro publishes his memoir about molecular content of gases.
• The United States invaded Canada on this day in 1812 by the Detroit frontier.
1818 - Keats writes "In the Cottage Where Burns is Born," "Lines Written in the Highlands," & "Gadfly"
1848 - Edmund Hickly gets first known 10 wicket innings (Kent v England)
1848 - London's Waterloo Station opens
1861 - Battle of Laurel Mountain VA - Gen Morris forces retreat of rebels
1861 - Battle of Rich Mountain, VA - Rosecrans forces rebels to surrender
1862 - Lincoln appoints General Halleck general-in-chief
1863 - Battle at Green River Ky (Morgan's Ohio Raid) Savant Amedeo AvogadroSavant Amedeo Avogadro
1863 - Japanese battle cruiser shoots at Dutch warship Medusa, kills 4
1882 - British fleet bombs Alexandria
1888 - 118°F (48°C), Bennett, Colorado (state record)
1888 - Pennsylvania's Monongehela River rises 32' after 24 hour rainfall
• In 1889 on this day, Tijuana in Mexico became a city.
• The first cultured pearl was obtained on this day in 1893 by Kokichi Mikimoto.
• In 1893 on this day, a revolution led by the liberal general and politician José Santos Zelaya took over state power in Nicaragua.
1895 - Auguste & Louis Lumière show film for scientists
1897 - Solomon Andree leaves Spitsbergen by balloon towards North Pole
1906 - The Gillette-Brown murder inspires Theodore Dreiser's An American Tragedy.
1915 - Germany cruiser Königsberg sinks off Dar-es-Salam
1916 - First federal grant-in-aid for state roads enacted
1916 - Germany launches final offensive in the Battle of Verdun
1918 - Enrico Caruso recorded "Over There" written by George M. Cohan.
1919 - Dutch second chamber approves 8-hour day/No Sunday work
• Mongolia gained independence from China on this day in 1921.
1922 - The Hollywood Bowl opens.
1923 - Harry Frazee, sells Red Sox to Ohio businessmen for $1M
1924 - Moslem-Hindu rebellion in Delhi
1925 - Queen Wilhelmina names H Colijn head of government
1930 - Bradman scores 309 in a day vs England at Leeds, goes on to 334
1931 - NY Giants beat Phillies 23-8 Baseball Great Babe RuthBaseball Great Babe Ruth
1934 - The first appointments to the newly created Federal Communications Commission were made.
Franklin D. Roosevelt Memorial in Washington, D.C.
1934 - U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt became the first American chief executive to travel through the Panama Canal while in office.
1936 - Triborough Bridge linking Manhattan, Bronx & Queens opens
1939 - 7th All Star Baseball Game: AL wins 3-1 at Yankee Stadium, New York NY Yankee/AL maanager Joe McCarthy starts 6 Yankees
1940 - British and German dogfight above Lyme Bay
1941 - German troops attack Dnjepr
1943 - 7th day of battle at Kursk
1943 - Counter attack by Hermann Goering Armour division in Sicily
1943 - US 45th Division occupies airport Comiso Sicily
1943 - US 82nd Airborne division shot at, by "friendly fire" in Sicily
1943 - Massacres of Poles in Volhynia.
1944 - 12th All Star Baseball Game: NL wins 7-1 at Forbes Field, Pittsburgh
1944 - Franklin Roosevelt announces that he will run for a fourth term as President of the United States.
1946 - Kingman Douglass, ends term as deputy director of CIA
1948 - First air bombing of Jerusalem
1950 - 17th All Star Baseball Game: NL wins 4-3 in 14 at Comiskey Park, Chic Ted Williams breaks his elbow; 1st extra inning All Star Game
General Dwight Eisenhower, 34th President of the United States
1952 - Gen Eisenhower nominated as Republican presidential candidate
1954 - First White Citizens Council organizes in Indianola, Miss
1955 - Congress authorizes all US currency to say "In God We Trust"
1955 - The U.S. Air Force Academy was dedicated with 300 cadets at Colorado Springs, CO, at Lowry Air Base.
1960 - In Honolulu, HI, the first tournament held outside the continental U.S., sanctioned by the U.S. Golf Association, began.
1960 - 28th All Star Baseball Game: NL wins 5-3 at Municipal Stadium, KC
• 1960 - Czechoslovakia adopts Constitution
• 1960 - Ivory Coast, Dahomey, Upper Volta and Niger declare independence
1960 - Moise Tsjombe declares Congolese county Katanga independence
1961 - 30th All Star Baseball Game: NL wins 5-4 in 10 at Candlestick Pk, SF
1961 - Gene Kiniski beats Verne Gagne in Minneapolis, to become NWA champ
1962 - The first transatlantic TV transmission was sent through the Telstar I satellite.
1962 - Brothers Hank and Tommie Aaron homer in same inning
1962 - Cosmonaut Micolaev set then record longest space flight - 4 days
1962 - Fred Baldasare is first to swim English Channel underwater (scuba)
1962 - US performs atmospheric nuclear test at Christmas Island
1962 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
• 1963 - South-African ANC Walter Sisulu/Andrew Mlangeni/Govan Mbeki arrested
1965 - Israeli Mapai-party nominates David Ben-Gurion
1967 - Kenny Rogers forms 1st Edition
1968 - Earl Weaver replaces Hank Bauer as manager of Orioles
1968 - Start of Colin Cowdrey's 100th Test, 1st person to do so
• 1969 - David Bowie releases "Space Oddity"
• 1969 - Rolling Stones release "Honky Tonk Woman"
• 1971 - Chilean parliament nationalizes US copper mines
• 1972 - U.S. forces broke the 95-day siege at An Loc in Vietnam.
1973 - Brazilian Boeing 707 crashes near Paris, 122 killed
1974 - House Judiciary Committee releases evidence on Watergate inquiry
1974 - World Football League plays first games
• 1975 - Chinese archeologists discover a 3-acre burial site with 6,000 clay statues of warriors dating as early as 221 BC
1976 - First US football club in Austria forms (FAAFC-1st Austrian American)
1976 - France performs nuclear test at Muruora Island
1976 - In pre-game promo at Atlanta County Stadium, 34 couples wed at home plate followed by Championship Wrestling "Headlocks and Wedlocks"
1977 - The Medal of Freedom was awarded posthumously to Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. in a White House ceremony for his work to advance civil rights.
1978 - 49th All Star Baseball Game: NL wins 7-3 at San Diego Stadium
1978 - All star MVP: Steve Garvey (LA Dodgers)
1978 - Auto with liquid gas crashes & explodes in Spain, 160 killed
• 1979 - The abandoned U.S. space station Skylab returned to Earth. It disintegrated and burned up in the atmosphere and showered debris over the Indian Ocean and Australia.
1980 - American hostage Richard I Queen freed by Iran
1981 - France performs nuclear test at Muruora Island
1981 - Neva Rockefeller is 1st woman ordered to pay her husband alimony
1981 - Sebastian Coe of UK sets record for 1K (2:12.18)
1982 - "7 Brides for 7 Brothers" closes at Alvin Theater NYC after 5 perfs
1982 - Hollis Stacy wins West Virginia LPGA Golf Classic
Picture of the FIFA World Cup Trophy, which presented to the champions of the World Cup tournament.
• 1982 - Italy defeats West Germany 3-1 for soccer's 12th World Cup in Madrid. it is Italy's third World Cup championship.
1983 - Lorraine Elizabeth Downes, 19, of NZ, crowned 32nd Miss Universe
1984 - 55th All Star Baseball Game: NL wins 3-1 at Candlestick Park, SF
1984 - All star MVP: Gary Carter (Mont Expos)
1984 - England's MusicBox begins satellite transmission to Europe
1984 - Government orders air bags or seat belts would be required in cars by 1989
1984 - Lucas Mangope re-elected president of Bophuthatswana
1985 - Astros' Nolan Ryan, 1st to strike out 4000 (Mets' Danny Heep)
1985 - Refurbished Columbia moves overland from Palmdale to Dryden
1985 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1985 - Dr. H. Harlan Stone announced that he had used zippers for stitches on 28 patients. The zippers were used when he thought he may have to re-operate.
1985 - Nolan Ryan (Houston Astros) became the first major league pitcher to earn 4,000 strikeouts in a career. (Texas) (Mets' Danny Heep)
1986 - Ingrid Kristiansen of Norway runs 10,000 m in world record 30:13.74
1986 - Maricica Puica of Romania runs 2,000 m in 5:28.69 (record for women)
1986 - Mary Beth Whitehead christens surrogate Baby M, Sara
1987 - Heart's "Alone," single goes #1 for 3 weeks
1987 - Bo Jackson signed a contract to play football for the L.A. Raiders for 5 years. He was also continued to play baseball for the Kansas City Royals. (California)
1987 - Orioles Cal Ripkin becomes 1st to manage 2 sons, as Billy joins Cal
1988 - Mike Tyson hires Donald Trump as an advisor
1989 - 60th All Star Baseball Game: AL wins 5-3 at Anaheim Stadium, Anaheim All star MVP: Bo Jackson (KC Royals)
1989 - President Ronald Reagan sportscasts All Star Game
1989 - Actor Laurence Olivier died.
1990 - NYC police arrest "Dartman" (stabbed over 50 women with darts)
1990 - Oka Crisis: First Nations land dispute in Quebec, Canada begins.
1991 - Calumet Farm, home to 8 Kentucky Derby winners, files bankruptcy
1991 - Nigerian DC-8 crashes near Djeddah, 261 die
1991 - Total solar eclipse is seen in Hawaii
1992 - Pres candidate Ross Perot at NAACP speech calls them "you people"
1994 - Suriname guilder devalued: NŸ1 = SŸ105
1995 - 66th All Star Baseball Game: NL wins 3-2 at Ballpark at Arlington Tx
1995 - Full diplomatic relations were established between the United States and Vietnam.
1995 - All star MVP: Jeff Conine (Fla Marlins)
1998 - U.S. Air Force Lt. Michael Blassie, a casualty of the Vietnam War, was laid to rest near his Missouri home. He had been positively identified from his remains that had been enshrined in the Tomb of the Unknowns in Arlington, VA.
1999 - A U.S. Air Force jet flew over the Antarctic and dropped off emergency medical supplies for Dr. Jerri Nelson after she had discovered a lump in her breast. Nelso was at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Research Center.
2000 - The video "Jaws," the Anniversary Collector's Edition, was released.
2000 - Liam Neeson broke his pelvis after hitting a deer with his Harley Davidson motorcycle.
2006 - 209 people are killed in a series of bomb attacks in Mumbai, India.
2008 - Apple released the iPhone 3G.
• 2011 - Neptune completes its first orbit since its discovery on September 23, 1846.
2011 - The News of the World, a British newspaper owned by , closes after several allegations that the paper's journalists hacked into voicemail accounts belonging to not only a 13-year-old murder victim, but also the relatives of soldiers killed in Iraq and Afghanistan.
2012 - POliciy academy suicide bombing kills 20 in Sana'a, Yemen
• 2012 - S/2012 P 1, the fifth moon of Pluto is discovered
The following links are to web sites that were used to complete this blog entry:
http://www.historyorb.com/today/events.php
http://on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jul11.htm
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history
http://www.infoplease.com/dayinhistory
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