"The Charbor Chronicles": July 1st: This Day in History

Once again, it should be reiterated, that this does not pretend to be a very extensive history of what happened on this day (nor is it the most original - the links can be found down below). If you know something that I am missing, by all means, shoot me an email or leave a comment, and let me know!

http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history

This was an important date in Canadian history. Mostly because this was when the Confederation of Canada was created in 1867, but it was also important for some other reasons as well. American privateers attacked Lunenburg, in Nova Scotia. Nine years before Canada became a Union, it minted it's own coins (i, 5, 10, and 20 cent coins). The decimal currency system was incorporated in Canada, and Canada and the United States ended a fishery agreement. The first international telephone conversation took place on this day, with a call between Calais, Maine, and St Stephen, New Brunswick. Prince Edward Island officially became a province of Canada. Wilfred Laurier became the first French-speaking Prime Minister of Canada. Less happy history - it was on this date in 1933 that Canada suspended all Chinese immigration into the country. Eventually on this date, O Canada! became the official national anthem for Canada.

But most importantly, of course, it was on this day in 1867 that the Dominion of Canada came into existence. I have spent Canada Day inside of Canada a few times. Usually, in Quebec City, where they traditionally have free outdoor concerts and other celebratory events during the time of the end of June until early July. That is because June 24th in St. Jean Baptiiste Day in Quebec province, and then Canada Day a week later. So, it's a good time to take a trip there. Plus, there's a good chance that you can catch a good band or two. I think it was 2005 that I saw Tea Party up there (no, not the ridiculous American pseudo-political movement, but rather the pretty cool band).

There were other things that happened on this date elsewhere than Canada, of course. Sunglasses were invented over eight hundred years ago on this date, in China. The first Quakers arrived in Boston. It was on this day that the first vote on the Declaration of Independence came. Napoleon's fleet reached Alexandria, Egypt. Louis Napoleon resigned as the king of the Netherlands. The United Provinces of Central America gained their independence from Mexico. The first US postage stamps went on sale on this date. The Battle of Gettysburg began. The IRS imposed the first federal taxes on inheritance, tobacco, and incomes over $600. Slavery was outlawed in in the Netherlands Antilles and Suriname. The first zoo in the United States opened on this date. The Treaty of Berlin divided Africa up to be colonized. FDR was nominated to be President by the Democrats. It was on this date in 1933, not long after they first took power, that Nazis proclaimed that women should not work. The first US troops were flown into the Korean conflict. Castro nationalized gas in Cuba. British Somaliland became Somalia. Ghana became a republic. The Benelux nations (Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg) made it unnecessary to use passports when crossing each other's borders. The United States instituted zip codes to make mail more easy and sensible. Algeria voted for independence. The Beatles had some significant events on this date, but none as significant as their landmark album, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Heart's Club Band, reaching number one and staying there for fifteen weeks. Pinochet became President of Chile, while Isobel Peron replaced her husband as President of Argentina. Bork was nominated for the Supreme Court, although he would later ultimately be rejected. The United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union, as well as 58 other nations, signed the Nuclear Nonproliferation Act. East Germany accepted the West German currency, as the economies of the two nations were joined. Britain handed over Hong Kong to China. Civil unions went into effect in Vermont, and the confederate flag was taken down from the statehouse in South Carolina.

Here's a more detailed look at events that transpired on this date throughout history:

• 69 - Bataafs nobleman Gaius Julius Civilis proclaimed emperor of Syria

• 70 - Titus sets up batterig rams to assault the walls of Jerusalem

• 96 - Vespasian, a Roman Army leader, was hailed as a Roman Emperor by the Egyptian legions.

• 251 - The Battle of Abrittus is won by the Goths against the Romans. Roman Emperors Decius and Herennius Etruscus are killed.

649 - Pope Martinus I elected to succeed Theodore I

• 1097 - First Crusaders defeat Sultan Kilidj Arslan of Nicea

• 1200 - In China, sunglasses are invented

1233 - Earl Otto II van Gelre grants Arnhem state justice

1252 - King Alfonso X "el Sabio" of Castile/Leon crowned

1253 - Battle at Westkapelle-Floris the Guardian beats Gwijde van Dampierre

1347 - Engagement of Count Louis of Male to Margaretha to daughter of Jan III

1390 - French and Genuese armada sails out against barbarian pirates

1517 - First burning of Protestants at stake in Netherlands

1517 - Inquisitor Adrian Boeyens (pope Adrianus VI) becomes cardinal

1535 - Sir Thomas More goes on trial in England charged with treason

• 1543 - England and Scotland sign Peace treaty of Greenwich

1569 - Latvia Parliament accept Union of Lublin, incorporate into Poland

1596 - An English fleet under the Earl of Essex, Lord Howard of Effingham and Francis Vere captured and sacked Cadiz, Spain.

1600 - Prince Maurits' army occupies Newport Flanders Neth

1656 - First Quakers (Mary Fisher/Ann Austin) arrived in Boston (arrested)

• 1674 - Spain, France & Netherlands form Triple Alliance

1689 - Matsuo Basho, zen poet, leaves for 150 days journey on Honshu Japan

1690 - Battle of Colors: The French defeated the forces of the Grand Alliance at Fleurus in the Netherlands.

1690 - Army of England's Protestant King William III defeats Roman Catholic King James II in Battle of Boyne in Ireland

1745 - Warship Elisabeth joins Bonnie Prince Charlies frigate Doutelle [OS]

1747 - Battle at Lafeld: France beat English/Dutch army

• 1775 - Colonial Congress determined to create alliances with Native American tribes.

Jul 1, 1775: Congress resolves to forge Indian alliances

On this day in 1775, the Continental Congress resolves to recruit Indian nations to the American side in their dispute with the British, should the British take native allies of their own. The motion read: “That in case any Agent of the ministry, shall induce the Indian tribes, or any of them to commit actual hostilities against these colonies, or to enter into an offensive Alliance with the British troops, thereupon the colonies ought to avail themselves of an Alliance with such Indian Nations as will enter into the same, to oppose such British troops and their Indian Allies.”

Few “such Indians Nations” saw any advantage to joining the Patriot cause. Rather, they saw Great Britain as their last defense against the encroaching land-hungry European settlers into their ancestral territory. Racist settlers managed to undermine any residual trust remaining in the Native American population during the revolution by committing atrocities such as the massacre of neutral, Christian Indian women and children at prayer in Gnaddenhutten, Pennsylvania, in 1778. In another example, a Continental officer undermined his own cause with the murder of Cornplanter, a Shawnee leader and Patriot ally, in 1777.

At the close of the War for Independence, the Patriots’ few Indian allies received worse treatment at the hands of their supposed allies than natives who had sided with Britain. Having promised Continental soldiers land in return for their service, Congress seized land from its Indian allies in order to cede it to officers on the verge of mutiny in 1783.

Independence Hall in Philadelphia, PA

• 1776 - First vote on Declaration of Independence

1782 - American privateers attack Lunenburg, Nova Scotia.

1795 - John Rutledge becomes 2nd chief justice of Supreme Court

French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte

• 1798 - Napoleon's fleet reached Alexandria, Egypt

1810 - Louis Napoleon resigns as king of the Netherlands

The Raft of the Medusa/Le Radeau de La Méduse by Théodore Géricault - Painting at the Louvre Museum in Paris

• 1816 - French frigate Medusa wrecked; basis of Géricault's "Raft of the Medusa"

1820 - 1st edition of newspaper "Courrier de la Meuse" published"

1823 - 9th Postmaster General: John McLean of Ohio takes office

1823 - United Provinces of Central America gained independence from Mexico

1831 - Admiral James C Ross reaches magnetic North Pole

1839 - Abdul-Medjid succeeds Mahmud II as Sultan of Turkey

1847 - First US adhesive postage stamps go on sale, 5 cent Franklin and 10 cent Washington, NYC

1850 - At least 626 ships lie at anchor around SF Bay

1858 - 1st Canadian coins minted (1, 5, 10 and 20 cent)

British Botanist Charles Darwin

• 1858 - The joint reading of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace's papers on evolution to the Linnean Society.

1859 - First intercollegiate baseball game, Amherst beats Williams 66-32

1859 - Balloon covers a record 809 miles over St Louis

1861 - 1st public schoolhouse opens at Washington & Mason St, SF

1861 - War Dept decrees the KA & TN are to be canvassed for volunteers

1862 - Battle at Booneville Mississippi: Confed superior power driven out

1862 - Congress outlaws polygamy (1st time); bad news for Utah

1862 - US Civil War: Day 7 of 7 Days-Battle of Malvern Hill (Poindexter's Farm) Union forces repel Confederate attack

1862 - Emperor Alexander II grants Jews right to publish books

1862 - Battle of Holly Spring, MS

1862 - The U.S. Congress established the Bureau of Internal Revenue, and the Internal Revenue Law imposes first federal taxes on inheritance, tobacco and; on incomes over $600 (progressive rate)

1862 - The Russian State Library is founded.

• 1863 - The Battle of Gettysburg, which marked the turning point in the Civil War, began.

1863 - -2] Battle at Baltimore: Crump's Crossroads Virginia

1863 - Battle of Gettysburg, Pa; Lee's northward advance halted

1863 - Free city delivery of mail begins in 49 US cities; postage 3 cents per oz

1863 - Slavery abolished in Suriname and Netherlands Antilles

1864 - Battle of Petersburg, VA [->JUL 31] -front US3695 CS---

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• 1867 - Dominion of Canada forms (New Bruns, Nova Scotia, Ontario and; Quebec) Canada became a self-governing dominion of Great Britain under the British North America Act.

Today is Canada Day.

So, here is another short spot by History.com (same website as above) about our neighbors to the North:

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July 1, 1867: Canadian Independence Day

The autonomous Dominion of Canada, a confederation of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the future provinces of Ontario and Quebec, is officially recognized by Great Britain with the passage of the British North America Act.

During the 19th century, colonial dependence gave way to increasing autonomy for a growing Canada. In 1841, Upper and Lower Canada--now known as Ontario and Quebec--were made a single province by the Act of Union. In the 1860s, a movement for a greater Canadian federation grew out of the need for a common defense, the desire for a national railroad system, and the necessity of finding a solution to the problem of French and British conflict. When the Maritime provinces, which sought union among themselves, called a conference in 1864, delegates from the other provinces of Canada attended. Later in the year, another conference was held in Quebec, and in 1866 Canadian representatives traveled to London to meet with the British government.

On July 1, 1867, with passage of the British North America Act, the Dominion of Canada was officially established as a self-governing entity within the British Empire. Two years later, Canada acquired the vast possessions of the Hudson's Bay Company, and within a decade the provinces of Manitoba and Prince Edward Island had joined the Canadian federation. In 1885, the Canadian Pacific Railway was completed, making mass settlement across the vast territory of Canada possible.

Canada established as a self-governing state HISTORY.com Editors Published: February 09, 2010 Last Updated: May 27, 2025:

https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/july-1/canadian-independence-day

1869 - Dutch newspaper stamp tax repealed

1869 - US mint at Carson City, Nevada opens

1870 - James W Smith of SC is one of 1st African Americans to enter West Point

1871 - The decimal currency system is made uniform in Canada

1873 - Henry Ossian Flipper of Georgia one of the first African Americans enters West Point Military Academy

1873 - Prince Edward Island becomes 7th Canadian province

1874 - 1st Chamber accept law against child labor

1874 - 1st US kidnapping for ransom, 4-year-old Charles Ross, $20,000

1874 - The Philadelphia Zoological Society zoo opened as the first zoo in the United States.

1875 - Universal Postal Union established

1876 - Montenegro declared war on the Turks.

1877 - 1st edition of "Amsterdammer" published

1878 - Treaty of Berlin divide Africa up for colonization

1878 - Canada joins the Universal Postal Union.

1879 - Ex-khedive Ismael Pasha sails from Alexandria to Naples

1879 - Charles Taze Russell publishes the first edition of the religious magazine The Watchtower.

1881 - First international telephone conversation, Calais, ME-St Stephen, NB

1881 - US Assay Office in St Louis, Missouri opens

1881 - General Order 70, the culmination of the Cardwell-Childers reforms of the British Army's organisation, comes into effect.

1883 - ANWB forms in Utrecht

1885 - The United States terminates reciprocity and fishery agreement with Canada.

• 1889 - Frederick Douglass named Minister to Haiti

1889 - US mint at Carson City, Nevada reopens

1890 - Great-Britain & Germany sign Zanzibar-Helgoland Treaty

1890 - Canada and Bermuda are linked by telegraph cable.

1893 - SF Bay City Club opens 1st US bicycle race track, made of wood

1893 - The first bicycle race track in America to be made out of wood was opened in San Francisco, CA.

1896 - Harbor of Ymuiden opens

1896 - Wilfrid Laurel sworn in as first French speaking premier

1897 - Bronx acquires Hutton Square

1897 - Three years after the first issue of "Billboard Advertising" was published, the publication was renamed, "The Billboard".

1898 - During the Spanish-American War, Theodore Roosevelt and his "Rough Riders" waged a victorious assault on San Juan Hill in Cuba.

• 1899 - Gideon Society established to place bibles in hotels

1899 - SF City Hall turned over to city, after 29 years of building

1902 - Start of Sherlock Holmes "Disappearance of Lady Frances Carfax" (BG)

1903 - 1st Tour de France bicycle race begins

• 1904 - 3rd modern Olympic games opens in St Louis

1905 - The USDA Forest Service was created within the Department of Agriculture. The agency was given the mission to sustain healthy, diverse, and productive forests and grasslands for present and future generations.

1907 - World's 1st air force established (US Army)

Monuments to Thomas Edison at Menlo Park in Edison, NJ

• 1909 - Thomas Edison began commercially manufacturing his new "A" type alkaline storage batteries.

The Voortrekker Monument in Pretoria, South Africa.

• 1910 - Union of South Africa becomes a dominion

1911 - German boat Panther nears for Agadir Morocco

1911 - Proclamation removes "Dei Gratia" from Canada's coins

1913 - Serbia and; Greece declare war on Bulgaria

1915 - Australia begins Commonwealth Lighthouse Service

1915 - Australian Survey Corps becomes part of Military Forces

A war monument in Champlitte, France

• 1916 - The massive Allied offensive known as the Battle of the Somme began in France. The battle was the first to use tanks. British 4th Army walks to German lines

Jul 1, 1916: Battle of the Somme begins

At 7:30 a.m., the British launch a massive offensive against German forces in the Somme River region of France. During the preceding week, 250,000 Allied shells had pounded German positions near the Somme, and 100,000 British soldiers poured out of their trenches and into no-man's-land on July 1, expecting to find the way cleared for them. However, scores of heavy German machine guns had survived the artillery onslaught, and the infantry were massacred. By the end of the day, 20,000 British soldiers were dead and 40,000 wounded. It was the single heaviest day of casualties in British military history. The disastrous Battle of the Somme stretched on for more than four months, with the Allies advancing a total of just five miles.

When World War I broke out in August 1914, great throngs of British men lined up to enlist in the war effort. At the time, it was generally thought that the war would be over within six months. However, by the end of 1914 well over a million soldiers of various nationalities had been killed on the battlefields of Europe, and a final victory was not in sight for either the Allies or the Central Powers. On the Western Front--the battle line that stretched across northern France and Belgium--the combatants had settled down in the trenches for a terrible war of attrition. Maimed and shell-shocked troops returning to Britain with tales of machine guns, artillery barrages, and poison gas seriously dampened the enthusiasm of potential new volunteers.

With the aim of raising enough men to launch a decisive offensive against Germany, Britain replaced voluntary service with conscription in January 1916, when it passed an act calling for the enlistment of all unmarried men between the ages of 18 and 41. After Germany launched a massive offensive of its own against Verdun in February, Britain expanded the Military Service Act, calling for the conscription of all men, married and unmarried, between the ages of 18 and 41. Near the end of June, with the Battle of Verdun still raging, Britain prepared for its major offensive along a 21-mile stretch of the Western Front north of the Somme River.

For a week, the British bombarded the German trenches as a prelude to the attack. British Field Marshal Douglas Haig, commander of the British Expeditionary Force, thought the artillery would decimate the German defenses and allow a British breakthrough; in fact, it served primarily to remove the element of surprise. When the bombardment died down on the morning of July 1, the German machine crews emerged from their fortified trenches and set up their weapons. At 7:30 a.m., 11 British divisions attacked at once, and the majority of them were gunned down. The soldiers optimistically carried heavy supplies for a long march, but few made it more than a couple of hundred yards. Five French divisions that attacked south of the Somme at the same time fared a little better, but without British success little could be done to exploit their gains.

After the initial disaster, Haig resigned himself to smaller but equally ineffectual advances, and more than 1,000 Allied lives were extinguished for every 100 yards gained on the Germans. Even Britain's September 15 introduction of tanks into warfare for the first time in history failed to break the deadlock in the Battle of the Somme. In October, heavy rains turned the battlefield into a sea of mud, and on November 18 Haig called off the Somme offensive after more than four months of mass slaughter.

Except for its effect of diverting German troops from the Battle of Verdun, the offensive was a miserable disaster. It amounted to a total gain of just 125 square miles for the Allies, with more than 600,000 British and French soldiers killed, wounded, or missing in the action. German casualties were more than 650,000. Although Haig was severely criticized for the costly battle, his willingness to commit massive amounts of men and resources to the stalemate along the Western Front did eventually contribute to the collapse of an exhausted Germany in 1918.

1916 - Coca-Cola brings current coke formula to the market

1916 - Honus Wagner, 42, is oldest to hit an inside-the-park HR

1917 - 257cm-mirror for Mount Wilson Observatory mounted

1917 - Race riots in East St Louis Illinois (40 to 200 reported killed)

1917 - Reds Fred Toney pitches completes doubleheader victories over Pirates

1917 - Robins (Dodgers) play their 1st Sunday game in Brooklyn

1919 - 1st class postage drops from 3 cents to 2 cents

1919 - Scheveningen soccer team forms in Scheveningen

• 1921 - The Communist Party of China is founded.

1923 - 1st permanent radio network-AT&T (WEAF NY & WMAF Mass)

1924 - Light Brigade forms

1924 - Through regular transcontinental airmail service forms, NYC-SF

1925 - NY Giant Hack Wilson hits 2 HRs in 3rd inning beating Phillies, 16-7

1925 - SDAP wins 4 chairs in Second-Parliamentary election

1925 - Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs created in UK

• 1926 - Canada restores gold standard

1929 - US Immigration law of 1924 in effect

1929 - US cartoonist Elzie Segar creates "Popeye"

1930 - Great-Britain signs accord for Independence of Iraq

1931 - Cleveland Municipal Stadium is completed

1931 - Ice vending machines introduced in LA 25 lbs, 15 cents

1931 - Phillies Chuck Klein hits for cycle vs Chicago Cubs

1931 - Trans African Railway in use (Benguela, Angola-Jadotville, Congo)

1932 - 45th Wimbledon Womens Tennis: Helen Moody beats Helen Jacobs (63 61)

1932 - NY Gov FDR nominated for president at Dem Convention in Chicago

1932 - NY newspaper Evening Standard goes bankrupt

1933 - German Nazi regime declared that married women shouldn't work

1933 - Strauss and von Hofmannsthal's opera "Arabella," premieres in Dresden

• 1933 - The Canadian Parliament suspended all Chinese immigration.

1934 - The Federal Communications Commission replaced the Federal Radio Commission as the regulator of broadcasting in the United States.

1934 - 1st x-ray photo of entire body, Rochester, NY

1935 - General Neth Persbureau (ANP) forms in Amsterdam

1936 - AVRO radio broadcast studios in Hilversum opens

1936 - Watchfulness Committee forms in Amsterdam

1937 - Britain begins using an emergency phone number (999)

1937 - Rev Martin Niemöller (Bekennende Kirche) arrested in Germany

1937 - Spanish bishops support Franco and fascists

1938 - 58th Wimbledon Mens Tennis: Don Budge beats Henry Austin (61 60 63)

1940 - Australia refuses entry to Dutch Jewish refugees

1940 - In Washington, the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was opened to traffic. The bridge collapsed during a wind storm on November 7, 1940.

• 1942 - German troops conquered Sebastopol in Crimea, in the Soviet Union.

1943 - The U.S. Government began automatically withholding federal income tax from paychecks.

1943 - "Pay-as-you-go" - first withholding tax from paychecks

1944 - 2500+ killed in London/SE England by German flying bombs

1944 - Bretton Woods Conference starts, establishing IMF & World Bank

1944 - Earl Claus von Stauffenberg promoted to colonel

• 1944 - General Eisenhower visited front in Normandy

1944 - US headquarter moves to Colombières Normandy

1944 - Von Rundstedt against Keitel: "Signs peace, idiots!"

1945 - First of the superstars returns from the WW II, Hank Greenberg homers

1945 - New York established the New York State Commission Against Discrimination to prevent discrimination in employment because of race, creed or natural origin. It was the first such agency in the U.S.

1945 - 55th Postmaster General: Robert E Hannegan of Mo takes office

1945 - Allies troop land on Balikpapan

1946 - Rajah cedes Sarawak to British crown

1946 - US drops atom bomb on Bikini atoll (4th atomic explosion)

1946 - U.S. President Harry Truman signed Public Law 476 that incorporated the Civil Air Patrol as a benevolent, nonprofit organization. The Civil Air Patrol was created on December 1, 1941.

1946 - The U.S. exploded a 20-kiloton atomic bomb near Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean.

1947 - 192m long passenger ship Willem Ruys (Achille Lauro) launched

1947 - Brit Dominion Affairs office becomes Commonwealth Relations office

1948 - Bradman scores 128 Australia v Surrey, 141 mins, 15 fours

1948 - Brooklyn's Roy Campanella debuts as catcher

1948 - NYC subway fare goes from 5 to 10 cents, bus fare to 7 cents and combo fare at 12 cents

1949 - 63rd Wimbledon Mens Tennis: Ted Schroeder beat Drobny (36 60 63 46 64)

1949 - Bao Dai's Republic of Vietnam gains independence from France

1949 - WBRC TV channel 6 in Birmingham, AL (ABC) begins broadcasting

1949 - WCCO TV channel 4 in Minneapolis-St Paul, MN (CBS) begins broadcasting

1950 - "Lost in the Stars" closes at Music Box Theater NYC after 281 perfs

• 1950 - 1st 407 US ground troops arrived in South Korea to stem the tide of the advancing North Korean army.

1950 - NYC bus fare rises to 10 cents equal to subway fare, combo fare at 15 cents

1950 - WHBF TV channel 4 in Rock Island, IL (CBS) begins broadcasting

1951 - Bob Feller set a major league baseball record as he pitched his third no-hitter for the Cleveland Indians. They beat the Detroit Tigers, 2-1.

1953 - KLAS TV channel 8 in Las Vegas, NV (CBS) begins broadcasting

1953 - KTVH (now KWCH) TV channel 12 in Hutchinson-Wichita, KS (CBS) begins

1954 - Cards' Joe Cunningham hits 2 HRs for record 3 HRs in his 1st 2 days

1954 - Test Cricket debut of Khalid Hassan, 16 yrs 352, then world record

1954 - WDBO (now WCPX) TV channel 6 in Orlando, FL (CBS) begins broadcasting

1955 - 69th Wimbledon Mens Tennis: Tony Trabert beats Kurt Nielsen (63 75 61)

1955 - KOTA TV channel 3 in Rapid City, SD (ABC/NBC) begins broadcasting

1956 - Elvis Presley wearing a tuxedo appears on Steve Allen Show

1956 - Ibrahim Hashiroe succeeds Said el-Moefti as premier of Jordan

1957 - International Geophysical Year begins (until Dec 31, 1958)

1957 - WRLP TV channel 32 in Greenfield/Keene/Brat, MA (IND) 1st broadcast

1958 - The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation links television broadcasting across Canada via microwave.

1959 - Heinrich Lubke elected pres of West-Germany

1959 - Israeli Knesset agrees to weapon sales to West-Germany

1959 - WVTV TV channel 18 in Milwaukee, WI (IND) begins broadcasting

1959 - World Refugee Year begins

1959 - The Party of the African Federation (PFA) holds its constitutive conference.

1960 - Benjamin Britten's cantate "Carmen Baseliense," premieres in Basel

• 1960 - Italian Somaliland gained independence, unites with Somali Republic

• 1960 - British Somaliland becomes Somalia, and gained its independence from Britain through the unification of Somaliland with Italian Somalia.

1960 - Fidel Castro nationalizes Esso, Shell and Texaco in Cuba

• 1960 - Ghana becomes a republic

• 1960 - No passports needed inside Benelux (Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg, also sometimes known as the "Low Countries")

1960 - USSR shoots down US RB-47 reconnaissance plane

1961 - British troops landed in Kuwait to aid against Iraqi threats.

1961 - The first community air-raid shelter was built. The shelter in Boise, ID had a capacity of 1,000 people and family memberships sold for $100.

1961 - Haleakala National Park forms in Hawaii

1961 - KNDU TV channel 25 in Richland-Pasco-Kennew, WA (NBC) 1st broadcast

Flag of Algeria

• 1962 - Algeria votes for independence

• 1962 - Burundi and Rwanda gained independence from Belgium (National Days)

• 1963 - Beatles record "She Loves You" and "I'll Get You"

1963 - Pres Kennedy arrives in Rome

1963 - The U.S. postmaster introduced the five-digit ZIP (Zoning Improvement Plan) code.

Jul 1, 1965: Ball recommends compromise in Vietnam

Undersecretary of State George Ball submits a memo to President Lyndon B. Johnson titled "A Compromise Solution for South Vietnam." It began bluntly: "The South Vietnamese are losing the war to the Viet Cong. No one can assure you that we can beat the Viet Cong, or even force them to the conference table on our terms, no matter how many hundred thousand white, foreign (U.S.) troops we deploy." Ball advised that the United States not commit any more troops, restrict the combat role of those already in place, and seek to negotiate a way out of the war.

As Ball was submitting his memo, the U.S. air base at Da Nang came under attack by the Viet Cong for the first time. An enemy demolition team infiltrated the airfield and destroyed three planes and damaged three others. One U.S. airman was killed and three U.S. Marines were wounded.

The attack on Da Nang, the increased aggressiveness of the Viet Cong, and the weakness of the Saigon regime convinced Johnson that he had to do something to stop the communists or they would soon take over South Vietnam. While Ball recommended a negotiated settlement, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara urged the president to "expand promptly and substantially" the U.S. military presence in South Vietnam. Johnson, not wanting to lose South Vietnam to the communists, ultimately accepted McNamara's recommendation. On July 22, he authorized a total of 44 U.S. battalions for commitment in South Vietnam, a decision that led to a massive escalation of the war. There were less than ten U.S. Army and Marine battalions in South Vietnam at this time. Eventually there would be more than 540,000 U.S. troops in South Vietnam.

1965 - FC Twente '65 Enschede soccer team forms in Enschede

1965 - KUID TV channel 12 in Moscow, ID (PBS) begins broadcasting

1965 - Kinderstraf trial starts

1966 - 80th Wimbledon Mens Tennis: M Santana beats D Ralston (64 11-9 64)

1966 - Construction crews begin tearing up Market St to build BART 1966 - Explorer 33 launched

1966 - VVV soccer team forms in Venlo

1966 - The first color television transmission in Canada takes place from Toronto.

1966 - The Medicare federal insurance program went into effect.

1967 - "Funny Girl" closes at Winter Garden Theater NYC after 1348 perfs

1967 - 1st British color TV broadcast, on BBC 2

1967 - BBC starts their World Radio Club

• 1967 - Beatles' "Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band," goes #1 for 15 weeks

• 1967 - Canada celebrates the 100th anniversary of the British North America Act, 1867.

1968 - Bob Gibson's streak of 47 2/3 inn scoreless streak ends on wild pitch

1968 - Fortuna Sittard soccer team forms in Sittard

1968 - John Lennon's 1st full art exhibition (You are Here)

1968 - USSR performs underground nuclear test

1968 - The CIA's Phoenix Program is officially established.

1968 - Formal separation of the United Auto Workers from the AFL-CIO.

1968 - The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty was signed by 60 countries. It limited the spreading of nuclear material for military purposes. On May 11, 1995, the treaty was extended indefinitely.

1969 - Britain's Charles Philip Arthur George invested as Prince of Wales

• 1969 - John and Yoko are hospitalized after a car crash

1969 - Shelby Singleton buys Sun Records from Sam Phillips

1970 - Denny McLain returns, (leaves trailiing) Tigers beat Yankees in 11

1970 - FC Utrecht soccer team forms in Utrecht 1970 - Jimi Hendrix 1st recording session (NYC)

• 1971 - British & Argentina sign accord about Falkland Islands

1971 - Debt raised to build San Franisco's Golden Gate Bridge paid off

1971 - State of Washington becomes 1st state to ban sex discrimination

1972 - The first Gay Pride march in England takes place.

1973 - "Jesus Christ Superstar" closes at Mark Hellinger NYC after 711 perfs

1973 - First US-China basketball game, US collegiates beats Shanghai 96-61

Flag of Chile

• 1974 - General Pinochet becomes president of Chile

1974 - Isabel Peron succeeds husband Juan as pres of Argentina

1974 - Monmouthshire renamed Gwent and becomes part of Wales

1974 - Isavel Peron became the president of Argentina upon the death of her husband, Juan.

1975 - Muhammad Ali beats Joe Bugner in 15 for heavyweight boxing title

1975 - WEDway People Mover inaugurated

1976 - Kenneth Gibson, is first black president of US Conference of Mayors

1976 - Portugal grants autonomy to Madeira.

1977 - 84th Wimbledon Womens Tennis: Virginia Wade beats B Stove (46 63 61)

1977 - FC Volendam soccer team forms in Volendam Neth

1977 - Marlies Gohr runs Europen record 100m (10.88 sec)

1978 - "Act" closes at Majestic Theater NYC after 233 performances

1978 - Former Pres Nixon makes 1st public speech since resigning in 1974

1978 - Northern Territory of Australia becomes self-governing

1979 - Stampede Pass, Washington is covered with 6" of snow

1979 - Sony introduced the Walkman.

1979 - Susan B. Anthony was commemorated on a U.S. coin, the Susan B. Anthony dollar.

1980 - Steve Overt runs world record 3:48.8 mile in Oslo

1980 - O Canada officially becomes the national anthem of Canada.

American President Jimmy Carter

• 1980 - U.S. President Jimmy Carter signed legislation that provided for 2 acres of land near the Lincoln Memorial for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial.

1981 - The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that candidates for federal office had an "affirmative right" to go on national television.

1981 - Laurel Canyon California murders (4 die, 1 wounded)

1981 - NEC soccer team forms in Nijmegen

1981 - Nell Dunn's "Steaming," premieres in London

1981 - Prince Willem Alexander opens Willems Bridge in Rotterdam

1981 - Radio Shack 3rd release of Model III TRSDOS 1.3

1982 - 2,100 Unification church couples wed in NYC

1982 - ABC national music radio network scheduled premiere (never happened)

1982 - Challenger moves overland to Dryden

Flag of Argentina

• 1982 - General Reynaldo Bignone sworn in as president of Argentina

1982 - Kosmos 1383, 1st search & rescue satellite, launched

1982 - PEC Swells '82 soccer team forms in Swells

1983 - Arbitrator Raymond Goetz rules 43 players who are on Disabled List during 1981 players' strike not entitled to salaries for that period

1984 - "Baby" closes at Barrymore Theater NYC after 241 performances

1984 - Royals pitcher Paul Splittorff, retires

1984 - The PG-13 rating is introduced by the MPAA.

1985 - Robin Yount (Milwaukee Brewers) got the 1,800th hit of his career.

1987 - John Kevin Hill, at age 11, became the youngest to fly across the U.S. when he landed at National Airport in Washington, DC.

1987 - Bork nominated to Supreme Court, rejected in Oct by senate

1987 - NYC radio station WFAN-AM becomes 1st 24 hour all sports radio

1987 - WHN-AM in NY City changes call letters to WFAN (now WEVD) replacing WHN's country music, WYNY-FM adopts country music format

• 1989 - NFL owners vote unanimously to form WLAF

• 1989 - The Montreal Protocol, an international treaty, went into effect. It limited the production of ozone-destroying chemicals.

1989 - Yanks beat Milwaukee Brewers 4-1, score is changed to 5-1 after game is over. Umpire rules Roberto Kelly scored before a double-play

1990 - 11th US Seniors Golf Open: Lee Trevino

1990 - 1st Zen winter session in Sydney Zen Center's Gorrick's Run Zendo

1990 - Despite Andy Hawkins no-hitting White Sox, Yankees lose 4-0

1990 - Dordrecht '90 soccer team forms in Dordrecht

1990 - FC Swells soccer team forms in Swells

Flag of East Germany

• 1990 - German Democratic Republic (popularly known as East Germany) accepted West Germany's Deutsche Mark as its currency

1990 - In Victoria, Australia, helmetless bike riding becomes illegal

1990 - NY Yankee Andy Hawkins throws no-hitter in Comiskey Park, losing 4-0

1991 - Court TV began airing.

• 1991 - The Warsaw Pact dissolved.

1992 - 6.6 earthquake in Big Bear Valley of Los Angeles

1992 - Ali Kafi becomes president of Algeria

1992 - Fox broadcasting adds Wednesday night TV programming

1993 - 1 second is added to the clock

1993 - Russian manned space craft TM-17, launches into orbit

1993 - STS-57 (Endeavour) lands

1994 - Fokker's-28 crashes at Tidjikja, Mauritania (94 killed)

1994 - Roman Herzog sworn in as German president

1994 - Soyuz TM-19 launches

1994 - Yasser Arafat of the Palestinian Liberation Organization returned the Gaza Strip.

1995 - "Kiss of the Spider Woman" closes at Broadhurst NYC after 906 perfs

1995 - Kiersten Rickenbach, of NJ, crowned America's Junior Miss

1996 - Kevan James scores 103 & takes 4 wkts in 4 balls, Hants v Ind

1996 - NHL Winnipeg Jets officially become the Phoenix Coyotes

1996 - Placido Domingo becomes art director of Washington Opera

1996 - WBSI TV replaces WNYC on channel 31 in NYC

1997 - Nevada Athletic Commission suspends Mike Tyson for biting Holyfield

1997 - STS 94 (Columbia 23) launches into orbit

• 1997 - The sovereignty over Hong Kong was transferred from Great Britain to China. Britain had controlled Hong Kong as a colony for 156 years.

July 1, 1997: Hong Kong returned to China

At midnight on July 1, 1997, Hong Kong reverts back to Chinese rule in a ceremony attended by British Prime Minister Tony Blair, Prince Charles of Wales, Chinese President Jiang Zemin, and U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright. A few thousand Hong Kongers protested the turnover, which was otherwise celebratory and peaceful.

In 1839, Britain invaded China to crush opposition to its interference in the country's economic, social, and political affairs. One of Britain's first acts of the war was to occupy Hong Kong, a sparsely inhabited island off the coast of southeast China. In 1841, China ceded the island to the British with the signing of the Convention of Chuenpi, and in 1842 the Treaty of Nanking was signed, formally ending the First Opium War.

Britain's new colony flourished as an East-West trading center and as the commercial gateway and distribution center for southern China. In 1898, Britain was granted an additional 99 years of rule over Hong Kong under the Second Convention of Peking. In September 1984, after years of negotiations, the British and the Chinese signed a formal agreement approving the 1997 turnover of the island in exchange for a Chinese pledge to preserve Hong Kong's capitalist system. On July 1, 1997, Hong Kong was peaceably handed over to China in a ceremony attended by numerous Chinese, British, and international dignitaries. The chief executive under the new Hong Kong government, Tung Chee Hwa, formulated a policy based on the concept of "one country, two systems," thus preserving Hong Kong's role as a principal capitalist center in Asia.

1997: Hong Kong returned to China HISTORY.com Editors Published: November 24, 2009 Last Updated: May 27, 2025:

https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/july-1/hong-kong-returned-to-china

1999 - The U.S. Justice Department released new regulations that granted the attorney general sole power to appoint and oversee special counsels. The 1978 independent-counsel statute expired on June 30. .

• 1999 - The Scottish Parliament is officially opened by Queen Elizabeth on the day powers are officially transferred from the old Scottish Office in London to the new devolved Scottish Executive in Edinburgh.

• 2000 - The Oresund Bridge, connecting Sweden and Denmark, opens for traffic.

2000 - Vermont's civil unions law goes into effect.

2000 - The Confederate flag was removed from the South Carolina statehouse.

2002 - The International Criminal Court is established to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression.

2002 - A Bashkirian Airlines (flight 2937) Tupolev TU-154 and a DHL (German cargo) Boeing 757 collide in mid-air over Ueberlingen, southern Germany, killing 71.

• 2003 - In Hong Kong, thousands of protesters marched to show their opposition to anti-subversion legislation

• 2004 - Saturn Orbit insertion of Cassini-Huygens begins at 01:12 UTC and ends at 02:48 UTC.

• 2006 - The first operation of Qinghai-Tibet Railway in the People's Republic of China.

2007 - Smoking in England is banned in all public indoor spaces. With the ban already in force in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, this means it is illegal to smoke in indoor public places anywhere in the UK. The ban is also put into effect in Australia.

2012 - 17 people are killed and 45 injured in an attack on two churches in Garissa, Kenya

2012 - Spain's football team crush Italy 4-0 to win the 2012 UEFA Euro Cup

The following links are to web sites that were used to complete this blog entry:

http://www.historyorb.com/today/events.php

http://on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jul01.htm

http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history

http://www.infoplease.com/dayinhistory

"The Charbor Chronicles"

Tuesday, July 1, 2025

July 1st: This Day in History

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