Once again, it should be reiterated, that this does not pretend to be a very extensive history of what happened on this day (nor is it the most original - the links can be found down below). If you know something that I am missing, by all means, shoot me an email or leave a comment, and let me know!
Here's a more detailed look at events that transpired on this date throughout history:
On this day in 30 BC, the Battle of Alexandria was fought. Mark Antony managed a minor victory over Octavian's forces, although it came at a price. Most of the army subsequently deserted, which ultimately helped lead to his suicide. On this day in 432 , St Sixtus III began his reign as Catholic Pope. In 768 on this day, [Philip] both began & ended his reign as Catholic Pope. On this day in 781 was the oldest recorded eruption of Mt. Fuji (Traditional Japanese date: July 6, 781). In 1291 on this day, Egyptian Mamelukken occupied Akko, and the Crusaders were driven out of Palestine. On this day in 1423 during the Hundred Years' War, the Battle of Cravant was fought. The French army was defeated at Cravant on the banks of the river Yonne. Jacques Cœur was arrested by order of Charles VII of France on this day in 1451. On this day in 1498, djuring his third voyage to the Western Hemisphere, Christopher Columbus arrived at (note, did not discover) the island of Trinidad. On this day in 1588, the English fleet defeated the mighty Spanish Armada. In 1620 on this day, Pilgrim Fathers departed (through England) to America. Fronde-leaders surrendered in Bordeaux on this day in 1653. On this day in 1655 during the Russo-Polish War (1654-1667), the Russian army entered the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vilnius, and then held onto it for six years. Aurangzeb appointed himself as the Mongol Emperor on this day in 1658. On this day in 1664, Pierre Corneille's "Othon," premiered in Paris. In 1667 on this day came the Peace of Breda. The Second English War-Suriname vs New-Netherlands ended. On this day in 1703, Daniel Defoe was placed in a pillory for the crime of seditious libel after publishing a politically satirical pamphlet, but he is pelted with flowers. The Battle at Cape Passaro, when the English fleet destroyed the Spanish fleet, took place on this day in 1718. Prince Frederick of Wales escaped the English court on this day in 1737. On this day in 1741, Charles Albert of Bavaria invaded Upper Austria and Bohemia. A massive fire in Stockholm, Sweden, destroyed approximately 1,000 homes on this day in 1751. On this day in 1771, Paul Potters "Great ossendrift" sold for Ÿ9050 in Amsterdam.
Statue of the Marquis de Lafayette at the Greens in Morristown, NJ
In 1777 on this day, the Marquis de Lafayette of France, who was then only 19 years old, accepted the position of Major-General of the Continental Army in the American cause for independence. The first U.S. patent was issued to Samuel Hopkins for his process for making potash and pearl ashes. The substance was used in fertilizer. On this day in 1792, the cornerstone of the U.S. Mint in Philadelphia, PA, was laid. It was the first building to be used only as a U.S. government building. In 1809 on this day, the first practical US railroad track (wooden, for horse-drawn cars) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The British invaded Plattsburgh NY, on this day in 1813. Benjamin Chambers patented breech loading cannon on this day in 1849. On this day in 1856 Christchurch, New Zealand, was chartered as a city. On this day in 1864, Ulysses S. Grant was named General of Volunteers. The first narrow gauge mainline railway in the world opens at Grandchester, Australia, on this day in 1865. The US Coast Guard officers' training school was established on this day in 1876 in New Bedford MA. On this day in 1893, Henry Perky patented shredded wheat. Albert Trott hit Monty Noble over the Pavilion at Lord's on this day in 1899. Boer Generals Prinsloo & Roux surrendered to the British in Brandwater Basin on this day in 1900. On this day in 1901, Abraham Kuyper became the Premier of Netherlands. On this day in 1905 was the Matumbi rebellion at Samanga German East Africa.
1919 - Germany's Weimar Constitution was adopted. 1928 - MGM’s Leo the lion roared for the first time. He introduced MGM’s first talking picture, "White Shadows on the South Seas." 1932 - Enzo Ferrari retired from racing. In 1950 he launched a series of cars under his name.
July 31, 1941: Goering orders Heydrich to prepare for the Final Solution
1945 - Pierre Laval of France surrendered to Americans in Austria. 1948 - U.S. President Truman helped dedicate New York International Airport (later John F. Kennedy International Airport) at Idlewild Field. 1955 - Marilyn Bell of Toronto, Canada, at age 17, became the youngest person to swim the English Channel. 1959 - The Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) was founded. The group is known for being an armed Basque nationalist and separatist organization. 1961 - The first tie in All-Star Game major league baseball history was recorded when it was stopped in the 9th inning due to rain at Boston's Fenway Park. 1964 - The American space probe Ranger 7 transmitted pictures of the moon's surface. 1971 - Men rode in a vehicle on the moon for the first time in a lunar rover vehicle (LRV). 1981 - The seven-week baseball players’ strike came to an end when the players and owners agreed on the issue of free agent compensation. 1982 - Yugoslavia imposed a six-month freeze on prices. 1989 - A pro-Iranian group in Lebanon released a videotape reportedly showing the hanged body of American hostage William R. Higgins. 1991 - U.S. President George H.W. Bush and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev signed the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty. 1995 - The Walt Disney Company agreed to acquire Capital Cities/ABC in a $19 billion deal. Disney movies, music and books 1999 - The spacecraft Lunar Prospect crashed into the moon. It was a mission to detect frozen water on the moon's surface. The craft had been launched on January 6, 1998. 2007 - The iTunes Music Store reached 2 million feature length films sold.
1875 Andrew Johnson, the 17th president of the United States, died in Tennessee. 1954 Mount Godwin-Austen (K2), the world's second-highest peak, was climbed for the first time, by an Italian team led by Ardito Desio. 1964 The U.S. space probe Ranger 7 transmitted pictures of the Moon’s surface.
1910 - Clement van Maasdijk gives flying demonstration
1911 - Hungarian education is only taught in German
1912 - RBC soccer team forms in Roosendaal
1912 - US government prohibits movies & photos of prize fights (censorship)
1914 - German Emperor Wilhelm II threatens war, orders Russia to demobilize
1914 - Oil discovered in Lake of Maracaibo
1917 - 3rd battle of Ypres begins
1919 - Germany accepts Weimar Constitution
1922 - Italy's general strike against fascist violence
1923 - Belgian Chamber discusses bilinguality at Ghent University
1925 - Last allied occupying troops leave Ruhrgebied
1925 - Unemployment Insurance Act passed in England
1928 - 1st woman to win a track and field olympic gold medal, Halina Konopacka of Poland
1929 - Aristide Briand becomes premier of France
1932 - George Washington quarter goes into circulation
1932 - German Election (NSDAP gets 37.3%)
1935 - 3rd Dutch government of Colijn sworn in
1936 - Tokyo Japan is awarded the 1940 Olympics (later cancelled)
1937 - Politburo enables Operative Order 00447: execute 193,000 Russians
1938 - Archaeologists discover engraved gold and silver plates from King Darius in Persepolis.
1940 - 38 U boats sinks this month (196,000 ton)
1940 - Riech's commissar Seyss-Inquart bans homosexuals
1941 - U boats sink 21 allied ships this month: 94,000 ton
1942 - German SS gases 1,000 Jews in Minsk, Belorussia
1942 - U boats sank 96 allied ships this month: 476,000 ton
1943 - Transport nr 58 departs with French Jews to nazi Germany
1944 - Last deportation train out Mechelen departs to Auschwitz
1944 - Transport nr 77 departs with French Jews to nazi-Germany
1944 - US troops occupy Sansapor New-Guinea
1945 - Pierre Laval, the fugitive former leader of Vichy France, surrenders to Allied soldiers in Austria.
1948 - "Brigadoon" closes at Ziegfeld Theater NYC after 581 performances
1948 - Pres Harry Truman dedicates Idlewild Field (Kennedy Airport), NY
1949 - Lightning strikes a baseball field in Fla, kills SS & 3rd baseman
1951 - Japan Airlines is established.
1953 - Dept of Health, Education & Welfare created
1954 - First ascent of K2, by an Italian expedition led by Ardito Desio.
1958 - Anti-Chinese uprising in Tibet
1959 - 1st exhibit of bongos at Cleveland Metroparks Zoo opens
1960 - Elijah Muhammad, leader of Nation of Islam, calls for a black state
1961 - Israel welcomes its 1,000,000th immigrant
1962 - Federation of Malaysia forms
1963 - Arturo Illia elected president of Argentina
1964 - Al Parker glides 644 miles without any motor
1964 - Rolling Stone concert in Ireland halts after 12 minutes due to riot
1964 - US Ranger 7 takes 4,316 pictures before crashing on Moon
1965 - Cigarette Ads banned on British TV
1966 - Alabamans burn Beatle products due to John Lennon's anti-Jesus remark
1967 - Rolling Stone Mick Jagger & Keith Richards end 1 month jail sentence
1968 - Beatles close Apple Boutique, giving clothes away for free
1969 - Mariner 6 flies past Mars
1969 - National Guard mobilizes in racial disturbances in Baton Rouge, La
1970 - Black Tot Day: The last day of the officially sanctioned rum ration in the Royal Navy.
1971 - Apollo 15 astronauts take 6½ hour electric car ride on Moon
1972 - Thomas Eagleton withdraws as Democratic VP candidate
1973 - ABA Virginia Squires trade Julius Erving to NY Nets
1973 - Delta Airlines DC-9 crashes in fog at Logan Airport, Boston, killing all but one of 89 aboard. Lone survivor dies 6 months later
1976 - Seychelles Independence (Independence day)
1977 - E Henry Knoche, ends term as deputy director of CIA
1977 - John F Blake promoted from acting to deputy director of CIA
1978 - Gunman shoots his way into Iraqi Embassy in Paris
1980 - Soyuz 37 crew returns to Earth aboard Soyuz 36
1981 - Arnette Hubbard installed as 1st woman president of Natl Bar Association
1982 - 46 kids & 7 adults die as 2 buses & several cars collide in France
1982 - Car/bus collision near Beaune, France, 53 die
1982 - Finland, Italy, Germany, Austria & France form American European Football Federation (AEFF)
1983 - Dutch July avg temp is 20.1°C; warmest July since 1852
1984 - Venz commandos terminate hijacking of an aircraft, 2 killed
1987 - Battle between Iranian pilgrims & Saudi-Arabian troops, 402 killed
1987 - Rockwell International awarded contract to build a 5th shuttle
1987 - A rare, class F-4 tornado rips through Edmonton, Alberta, killing 27 people and causing $330 million in damage.
1988 - 32 people are killed and 1,674 injured when a bridge at the Sultan Abdul Halim ferry terminal collapses in Butterworth, Malaysia.
1990 - Bosnia-Hercegovina declares independence
1991 - Russia & US sign long range nuclear weapons reduction pact
1991 - Senate votes to allow women to fly combat aircraft
1991 - The Medininkai Massacre in Lithuania. Soviet OMON attacks Lithuanian customs post in Medininkai, killing 7 officers and severely wounding one other.
1992 - Thai Airbus crashes into mountain at Kathmandu, 113 die
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1993 - Inkatha-arm forces killed 49 ANC-followers in Johannesburg
1993 - Prince Ronald "Ronnie" Mutebi crowned king of Uganda
1994 - Stockholms avgs 21.5°C; their warmest July since 1855
1994 - UN votes 12-0 (2 abstentions) to authorize use of force against Haiti
1999 - Discovery Program: Lunar Prospector - NASA intentionally crashes the spacecraft into the Moon, thus ending its mission to detect frozen water on the moon's surface.
2006 - Fidel Castro hands over power temporarily to brother Raúl Castro. This leads to a celebration in Little Havana (La Pequeña Habana in Spanish), Miami, Florida, where many Cuban Americans participated.
2007 - Operation Banner, the presence of the British Army in Northern Ireland, and longest-running British Army operation ever, comes to an end.
2012 - Two car bombs kill 21 people in Baghdad, Iraq
2012 - A second power grid failure in two days leaves 670 million people in India without power
1498 Columbus arrived at the island of Trinidad. 1777 The Marquis de Lafayette became a major-general in the American Continental Army. 1790 The first U.S. patent was issued to Samuel Hopkins of Vermont for a process of making fertilizer. 1875 Andrew Johnson, the 17th president of the United States, died in Tennessee. 1954 Mount Godwin-Austen (K2), the world's second-highest peak, was climbed for the first time, by an Italian team led by Ardito Desio. 1964 The U.S. space probe Ranger 7 transmitted pictures of the Moon’s surface.
The following links are to web sites that were used to complete this blog entry:
http://www.historyorb.com/today/events.php
http://on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jul31.htm
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history
http://www.infoplease.com/dayinhistory
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